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额济纳河

额济纳河(黑河)
流域
源头 
 - 位置祁连山
河口居延海
流经国家中国
本貌
长度821公里
平均流量37-40×108m3
地图

额济纳河(“亦集乃”的音转)是中国第二大内陆河干流全长821公里。流经青海省甘肃省内蒙古自治区。上游叫黑河(古作羌谷水)发源于祁连山脉八一冰川亦为黑河源之一,从走廊南山南坡向东南流经祁连县八宝河(古作鄂博河,蒙古语“先祖之地”)汇合,向西北穿祁连山,黑河流淌在甘肃张掖地区;流到酒泉地区就改名叫弱水了;进入阿拉善盟,便叫额济纳河

黑河从莺落峡出山入张掖绿洲,再流经正义峡入内蒙古额济纳旗绿洲,最后注入苏古淖尔和嘎顺淖尔。额济纳河便以莺落峡、正义峡将全流域划分为上中下游。

黑河流域水资源总量为37-40 ×108m3

1960年以后,由于中游地区耗水量过大,致使下游水量严重不足,生态恶化。1990年代,在中游建成曹滩庄分水枢纽工程,将额济纳河水从东西两大灌渠引入张掖南部洪积台地,用于灌溉农田,导致下游水量锐减,所有湖泊干涸,泉水消失,地下水下降,草场退化、沙漠化速度加快,沙尘暴频发。2000年伊始,600多年未进水的黑河古河道再度来水,经数百公里流淌注入居延泽。至2020年,居延海水面已经扩展到66.3平方公里,为百年来最大。

参考文献

[编辑]
  • 金晓媚 万力 李文梅. 祁连山以北地区生态植被的变化规律. 科技导报. 2006, 25 (3): 18–21. 

参见

[编辑]

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额济纳河
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