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幽灵猎龙属

幽灵猎龙属
化石时期:白垩纪前期,~120 Ma
正模标本的骨骼重建图,蓝色为已发现部位
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龙总目 Dinosauria
目: 蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目: 兽脚亚目 Theropoda
科: 阿贝力龙科 Abelisauridae
属: 幽灵猎龙属 Spectrovenator
Zaher et al., 2020
模式种
拉氏幽灵猎龙
Spectrovenator ragei

Zaher et al., 2020

幽灵猎龙属属名Spectrovenator)属于基干阿贝力龙科兽脚类恐龙,生存于早白垩世阿普第期,已知唯一的化石发现于巴西东南部米纳斯吉拉斯州科拉桑-迪热苏斯奎里科组英语Quiricó Formation,是迄今唯一有完整头骨发现的早白垩世阿贝力龙科成员。属名由拉丁文spectrumvenator组成,意为“幽灵猎人”,因为化石是在一头蜥脚类恐龙——马氏塔普亚龙底下找到[1],可能代表此个体是被这只塔普亚龙压死的[2]

模式种拉氏幽灵猎龙S. ragei),种名系表扬对中生代古生物地理学有卓绝贡献的已故法国古生物学家尚-克劳德·拉吉(Jean-Claude Rage)[2]

叙述

正模标本的复原图(图中以未成年个体出现),描绘其被塔普亚龙压死的情景
马氏塔普亚龙正模标本的埋藏环境与状态(编号MZSP-PV 807)

幽灵猎龙是由古生物学家哈桑·札赫尔(Hussam Zaher)等人于2020年命名并发表,正模标本(编号MZSP英语Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo-PV 833)发现自2011年发表的马氏塔普亚龙正模标本底下(部分幽灵猎龙的发表者当时也参与过塔普亚龙的发表),包含完整的头骨、前段颈椎、后段背椎肋骨、前段与后段部分尾椎、以及完整骶骨骨盆带与后肢骨骼[2]

幽灵猎龙的头骨有别于白垩纪后期演化程度较高的阿贝力龙科,其颅骨颞部具有祖型的构造,像是颞上窝(supratemporal fossa)之间的顶骨表面比其他阿贝力龙科宽阔,眶后骨后部朝向鳞状骨的突起也较为窄长。而在下颌,隅骨在背腹侧相对较宽,导致外下颌孔(external mandibular fenestra)比其他阿贝力龙科狭窄,同时隅骨和下颌骨的交接缝也比其他阿贝力龙科来得长。此外,下颌骨上隅骨的交接缝几近平直,而其他阿贝力龙科的交接缝都明显向前突出,由于这个突出或与下颌骨间关节特殊的可动性有关(unusual kinetic intramandibular joint),可能代表其他阿贝力龙科已经发展出较为特化的取食方式,而幽灵猎龙可能仍保有在其他兽脚类恐龙中相对普遍的取食模式[2]

其他幽灵猎龙具有的独征英语Autapomorphy还包括:上颌骨除了靠近轭骨骨缝英语Suture (anatomy)的区域外,都布有纵向沟槽。泪骨侧表面粗糙,但腹侧是平滑的。轭骨后突朝腹侧弯曲。和其他阿贝力龙科不同,幽灵猎龙的颈脊英语Nuchal crest背缘薄而平坦。齿骨腹缘笔直,且在侧表面有一道纵向深沟纹。上隅骨后缘略微凸起。上颌枝(mandibular ramus)沿后腹侧末端有一道纵向脊[2]

正模标本估算,幽灵猎龙的体型在同类之中显得非常小,颅骨和下颌骨长度分别为21.6公分及26公分[2],推算其全长仅约2.2米。但其生长状况尚不清楚,不能排除是未成年的个体[3]

参考资料

  1. ^ Zaher, H.; Pol, D.; Carvalho, A.B.; Nascimento, P.M.; Riccomini, C.; Larson, P.; Juarez-Valieri, R.; Pires-Domingues, R.; Silva Jr., N.J.; Campos, J.A. A Complete Skull of an Early Cretaceous Sauropod and the Evolution of Advanced Titanosaurians. PLoS ONE. 2011, 6 (2): e16663 [2022-06-25]. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...616663Z. PMC 3034730可免费查阅. PMID 21326881. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016663. (原始内容存档于2022-05-03). (见补充资料中的Text S1)(英文).
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Zaher, H.; Pol, D.; Navarro, B.A.; Delcourt, R.; Carvalho, A.B. An Early Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Brazil sheds light on the cranial evolution of the Abelisauridae. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2020, 19 (6): 101–115 [2020-11-02]. doi:10.5852/cr-palevol2020v19a6. (原始内容存档于2021-06-15) (英语). 
  3. ^ Cau, A. Spectrovenator, un abelisauride "transizionale" dal Brasile. Theropoda. 2020-10-13 [2020-11-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-13) (意大利语). 
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幽灵猎龙属
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