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层流

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流线型与模拟的层流

层流(英语:Laminar flow),为流体的一种流动状态。当流速很小时,流体分层流动,互不混合或很少部分混合称为层流,或称为片流[1];逐渐增加流速,流体的流线开始出现波浪状的摆动,摆动的频率及振幅随流速的增加而增加,此种流况称为过渡流;当流速增加到很大时,流线不再清楚可辨,流场中有许多小漩涡,称为湍流,又称为乱流、扰流或紊流。

这种变化可以用雷诺数来量化,公式为 其中,DH 是管道的水力直径 (m),Q体积流率 (m3/s);A 是管道的横截面积 (m2);u 是流体的平均速度 (m/s);μ 是流体的动力粘度 (Pa·s = N·s/m2 = kg/(m·s));ν 是流体的运动粘度,ν = μ/ρ (m2/s);ρ 是流体的 密度 (kg/m3)。

雷诺数较小时,黏滞力对流场的影响大于惯性力,流场中流速的扰动会因黏滞力而衰减,流体流动稳定,为层流;反之,若雷诺数较大时,惯性力对流场的影响大于黏滞力,流体流动较不稳定,流速的微小变化容易发展、增强,形成紊乱、不规则的湍流流场。

流态转变时的雷诺数值称为临界雷诺数。一般管道雷诺数Re<2100为层流状态,Re>4000为湍流状态,2100<Re<4000时为过渡状态

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Streeter, V.L. (1951-1966) Fluid Mechanics, Section 3.3 (4th edition). McGraw-Hill
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层流
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