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燕鸥

燕鸥亚科
大凤头燕鸥
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 鸟纲 Aves
目: 鸻形目 Charadriiformes
科: 鸥科 Laridae
亚科: 燕鸥亚科 Sterninae
Bonaparte, 1838

燕鸥(tern)是燕鸥亚科(Sterninae)的海鸟鸥科下的一个亚科[1]燕鸥与剪嘴鸥是一个血统分支,全世界都有牠们的踪迹。

大部分燕鸥过往都被编入燕鸥属中,但是根据DNA序列的分析发现燕鸥属可以分开为几个细小的[2][3][4]

生物及习性

大部分在温带繁殖的燕鸥都是长途迁徙的,而北极燕鸥因由北部繁殖地迁往南极海,故可能比其他生物见得更多阳光。[5]一只还未懂飞行的北极燕鸥雏鸟于1982年夏天英国诺森伯兰郡对开的法恩群岛进行环志纪录,发现于同年的10月到达澳洲墨尔本,在3个月内就已经飞了超过22000公里,平均每日飞行超过240公里,是已知最长的旅程之一。

燕鸥是中等至大型的鸟类羽毛一般呈灰色或白色,头上往往有黑色斑纹。牠们的鸟喙稍长及脚有蹼。牠们的身体轻盈,比更流线型,飞行是的长尾巴及双翼很优雅。[5]燕鸥属的尾巴开叉较深,而浮鸥属Larosterna的尾巴则开叉较浅。AnousProcelsterna白玄鸥属的尾巴则呈“楔击缺口”状,最长的尾羽是在中外部,而非中央或最外的。最小的燕鸥是白额燕鸥,重42克及长23厘米;最大的是红嘴巨燕鸥,重630克及长53厘米。牠们会发出刺耳及单音的叫声。

大部分燕鸥都会潜水捕鱼,并会先悬停一时,但浮鸥属会吃淡水面上的昆虫。燕鸥很少会滑翔,只有少数物种,如乌燕鸥,会在海面上空翱翔。除了洗澡外,牠们很少会游泳。

燕鸥成大群的聚居。鸟巢可以由地上的收集、树枝或浮叶所组成。[5]燕鸥一般都较长寿,有些物种可以生存超过25-30年。

分类及物种列表

一项根据细胞色素b基因序列的研究发现燕鸥与Thinocori较为接近。[6]这项结果与其他分子及形态研究结果相违背[7],但却是最能证实燕鸥及这类涉禽之间的大量分子的趋同演化,或是保有古代的基因型

根据线粒体DNA的研究,燕鸥可以分为以下的属及种:[3]

AnousProcelsterna白玄鸥属Gygis

  • 玄燕鸥 Anous stolidus
  • 黑燕鸥 Anous minutus
  • 小黑燕鸥 Anous tenuirostris
  • 蓝燕鸥 Procelsterna cerulea
  • 灰燕鸥 Procelsterna albivitta
  • 白燕鸥 Gygis alba
  • 小白燕鸥 Gygis microrhyncha

Onychoprion

小燕鸥属Sternula

  • 眼斑燕鸥 Sternula nereis
  • 达马拉燕鸥 Sternula balaenarum
  • 小燕鸥 Sternula albifrons
  • 桑氏白额燕鸥 Sternula saundersi
  • 白额燕鸥 Sternula antillarum
  • 黄嘴燕鸥 Sternula superciliaris
  • Sternula lorata

Phaetusa

  • 巨嘴燕鸥 Phaetusa simplex

巨鸥属Hydroprogne

噪鸥属Gelochelidon

Larosterna

浮鸥属Chlidonias

凤头燕鸥属Thalasseus

燕鸥属Sterna

参考

  1. ^ van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David & Dyke, Gareth J. Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships (PDF). Journal of Avian Biology. 2004, 35 (3): 191–194 [2008-08-04]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-01-08). 
  2. ^ del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 1996. ISBN 84-87334-22-9. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Bridge, E. S.; Jones, A. W. & Baker, A. J. A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2005, 35: 459–469. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-07-20). 
  4. ^ Collinson, M. Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists. British Birds. 2006, 99 (6): 306–323. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Harrison, Colin J.O. Forshaw, Joseph , 编. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. 1991: 110–112. ISBN 1-85391-186-0. 
  6. ^ Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás. Phylogeny of shorebirds, gulls, and alcids (Aves: Charadrii) from the cytochrome-b gene: parsimony, Bayesian inference, minimum evolution, and quartet puzzling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2004a, 30 (3): 516–526. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00222-7. 
  7. ^ Paton, Tara A. & Baker, Allan J. Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2006, 39 (3): 657–667. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011. 

外部链接

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燕鸥
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