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封闭平台

封闭平台(closed platform),或称围墙花园(walled garden)[1][2],是指一种软件系统,其中的电信运营商或服务供应商拥有控制应用、内容与媒体的能力,并能限制未经允许的应用或内容被轻易接取。与封闭平台相对的是开放平台,该平台允许消费者不受限制地接取应用、内容等。

概述

电信为例,手机上的服务与应用曾被移动通信业者给牢牢掌控住。业者能限制用户的门户网站及主页所能接取到的应用与开发商。因此,业者可能会限制用完预付卡金额的用户接取服务。这一直是限制住电信业的一个核心问题,因为开发商在将其应用服务提供给终端用户时遇到了巨大的阻碍。

在一个更极端的例子里,1970年代的美国电话系统贝尔公司拥有所有的硬件(包括所有的电话)与所有的信号,甚至几乎在其缆在线的所有文字(消息)。一个具有里程碑意义的案例是Hush-A-Phone诉美国案,贝尔公司要求Hush-A-Phone不准将其电话机与贝尔的电话系统相连,最终败诉。在这案子中,贝尔公司得到了政府的公开允许,并依据1934年通传法规定享有独占地位。

更一般性地,围墙花园可指提供给用户的封闭或排他性之资讯服务。与真正的围墙花园类似,在围墙花园内的用户无法逃脱这些地方,除非通过指定的出入口或围墙被移除掉[3]

方面

哈佛商学院于2008年的一份报告中将平台的开放性/封闭性分成4个方面,并举例说明。

平台封闭性/开放性的方面[4] Linux Windows 麦金塔 iOS
需求端使用(终端用户 开放 开放 开放 开放
供给端用户(应用程式开发商 开放 开放 开放 封闭
平台供应商(硬件/操作系统捆售) 开放 开放 封闭 封闭
平台发起人(设计与知识产权人) 开放 封闭 封闭 封闭

例子

围墙花园的一些例子如下:

  • 亚马逊电子书阅读器Kindle[5][6]。于2011年10月商业内幕内的一篇标题为《亚马逊如何从Kindle赚钱》的文章中写道:“亚马逊的Kindle不再只是项商品:它是整个生态系统。”此外,商业内幕亦指出:“Kindle生态系亦是亚马逊成长最快的商品,且可能占该公司明年营收的10%以上。”[7]
  • 苹果公司iOS及其他移动设备,被限制只能执行被事前允许的应用程式[8][9]
  • 巴诺书店Nook阅读器系列。在2011年12月下旬,巴诺书店开始执行Nook平板电脑的自动轫体更新至1.4.1版,移除用户获取该装置超级用户的权限,以及从巴诺官方NOOK商店以外来源下载应用程式之能力[10][11]。NOOK HD与HD+也一样是“封闭”的,直到2013年5月为止,巴诺书店稍微开放其生态圈,让用户能安装Google Play Store及其各项Android应用程式,包括巴诺书店竞争对手的程序,如Audible.com、comiXology、Kindle、Kobo与Google本身[12]
  • Verizon WirelessCDMA网络与政策明确禁止非Verizon许可的装置在其网络上使用。Verizon Wireless的这项行为经常受到注意(且时常被批评)[来源请求]
  • 电子游乐器有很长的一段历史都是围墙花园,开发商需要购买许可,以在其平台上开发,且在某些情形下,发布游戏前会需要通过游乐器制造商的审核[13][14][15]

另见

参考资料

  1. ^ Daniel Memetic. Escaping the Walled Gardens in the Clouds. [2012-10-07]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-03).  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  2. ^ Nicholas Smith. Interview With Rosabeth Moss Kanter, author of SuperCorp (2009): No Matter How Big You Are, Diversify or Die (PDF). 2009 [2012-10-07]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-05-15).  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  3. ^ Definition of: walled garden. PCmag.com. [2012-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2013-03-06). 
  4. ^ Thomas R. Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, Marshall Van Alstyne. Opening Platforms: How, When and Why? (PDF). Harvard Business School Entrepreneurial Management Working Paper No. 09-030. Harvard Business School: 2. 2008-08-31 [2015-06-30]. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1264012. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-17). 
  5. ^ Mathew Ingram. How the e-book landscape is becoming a walled garden. Gigaom. 29 February 2012 [2012-10-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-18). 
  6. ^ Jay Akasie. With New Kindle, Bezos Proves Ecosystems Matter More Than Hardware. 7 September 2012 [2012-10-07]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-11). 
  7. ^ Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry. How Amazon Makes Money From The Kindle; Amazon's Kindle is no longer just a product: It's a whole ecosystem. Business Insider. 2011-10-18 [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10). 
  8. ^ Charles Arthur, technology editor. Battle for the Internet (Part III of series): Walled gardens look rosy for Facebook, Apple – and would-be censors. 2012-04-17.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  9. ^ Ben Bajarin. Why Competing With Apple is So Difficult. 2011-07-01 [2015-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-06).  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  10. ^ Smith, Peter. Kindle Fire and Nook Tablet both get "upgraded" with reduced functionality. ITWorld.com. 2011-12-21 [2012-01-10]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-08). 
  11. ^ Verry, Tim. Kindle Fire and Nook Tablet Receive Root Access Killing Software Updates. PCPerspective.com. 2011-12-21 [2012-01-10]. (原始内容存档于2012-08-15). 
  12. ^ Carnoy, David. Barnes & Noble adds Google Play store to its tablets: The Nook HD and HD+ may not be fully "open" Android tablets, but they're now much more open than they were. CNet. 2013-05-02 [2015-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-08). 
  13. ^ Walled gardens are great when a medium is brand new. Without history and without.... [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-03). 
  14. ^ Martin Adolph of ITU’s Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB). The world of video games: Trends in video games and gaming. ITU News. 2011, (10) [2015-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-30). 
  15. ^ Robert A. Burgelman & Carrie C. Oliver. Electronic Arts in 1995. Stanford Graduate School of Business: 16 pages. 1997-08-01 [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03). isbn=Prod. #: SM24-PDF-ENG 
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封闭平台
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