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孟达.
孟达(?—228年),字子敬,为避刘备叔父讳而改为子度,东汉司隶右扶风平陵人[1],汉末三国时期人物。
生平
刘备入蜀时,刘璋派遣孟达和法正去迎接刘备,刘备命其驻守江陵,蜀平后为宜都太守。建安二十四年(219年),孟达从秭归北攻房陵,杀死房陵太守蒯祺(诸葛亮的姐夫),攻下房陵后继续进攻上庸,并和刘封会合于此地。关羽围樊城、襄阳时(樊城之战),曾要求刘封和孟达派兵援助,但被刘封和孟达拒绝,关羽战败后,孟达因畏惧被治罪,再加上跟刘封不和,于是带着部下郤揖投降曹魏[2]。
孟达投降曹魏后,在曹丕时受到重用,为散骑常侍、建武将军,封平阳亭侯,曹丕还将房陵、上庸、西城三郡合为新城,命其担任新城太守,委以西南之任,孟达且与桓阶和夏侯尚亲善,并曾与夏侯尚和徐晃一同攻打刘封。
曹丕死后,当时桓阶、夏侯尚都已去世,孟达因心不自安,在诸葛亮引诱下,企图归蜀汉,孟达又与魏兴太守申仪有隙。诸葛亮为促使孟达起事,派郭模诈降,故意将孟达之事告诉申仪。司马懿得申仪报信后,写信安抚孟达,暗中遣军进讨。孟达得知事泄后本已决定起事,但因得司马懿信迟疑,又认为司马氏率军来讨必定先启奏魏帝曹叡再作定夺,至少需要三十日方能抵达,自己届时城池必已坚固;然而当司马懿不等魏帝命令就于八日内行军一千二百里赶来时,完全打乱孟达的部署。后来司马懿在十六日内破上庸,斩杀孟达(详见新城之乱)。
同时代,曹魏有个举荐涿郡太守王雄的安定太守孟达,从履历看与此孟达并不是同一人。
家庭
- 父:孟陀,一作孟他,官拜凉州刺史。
- 子:孟兴,为议督军,咸熙元年(264年)因蜀汉灭亡被迁徙回右扶风。
- 外甥:邓贤,孟达叛魏皈蜀时勾结司马懿,开城迎魏入城。
评价
- 刘晔:“达有苟得之心,而恃才好术,必不能感恩怀义。新城与吴、蜀接连,若有变态,为国生患。”(《三国志·魏书·程郭董刘蒋刘传第十四》)
- 刘封:“恨不用孟子度之言!”
- 费诗:“孟达小子,昔事振威不忠,后又背叛先主,反复之人,何足与书邪!”
- 司马懿:“将军昔弃刘备,讬身国家,国家委将军以疆场之任,任将军以图蜀之事,可谓心贯白日。蜀人愚智,莫不切齿于将军。诸葛亮欲相破,惟苦无路耳。模之所言,非小事也,亮岂轻之而令宣露,此殆易知耳。”
- 鱼豢:“达以延康元年率部曲四千馀家归魏。文帝时初即王位,既宿知有达,闻其来,甚悦,令贵臣有识察者往观之,还曰‘将帅之才也’,或曰‘卿相之器也’,王益钦达。达既至谯,进见闲雅,才辩过人,众莫不属目。”(《魏略》)
- 傅玄:“论者多称有乐毅之量。”(《傅子》)
- 李贽:“若傅士仁,孟达,则反国之贼也,罪不容诛矣。凡读史者,定须原情定罪,方不冤枉了人也。”(《汇评三国志演义》)
- 毛宗岗:“刘封之不发救兵,孟达实教之。然则刘封之罪,其将视孟达而未减乎?曰:是不然。达故蜀之降将,刘璋可背,则关公何不可背?我无责焉耳。”(《汇评三国志演义》)
艺术形象
三国演义
字子庆。诸葛亮发动第一次北伐时,身处魏国上庸的孟达意图回归蜀国,徐晃乃做为司马懿的副将跟随征讨孟达,在城前叫阵时被孟达一箭射中额头,回营后不治身死。
影视形象
动漫游戏
延伸阅读
[在维基数据编辑]
《三国志/卷40》,出自陈寿《三国志》
- ^ 《三辅决录》曰:平陵孟佗,尽以家财赂张让监奴,众奴斩焉。时宾客求见让者,常数百乘,累日不得通焉。他后至,诸奴拜迎,径将他车独往入,众谓他与让善,争以珍物赂佗,佗得以赂让。
- ^ 《三国志·郤正传》:会天下大乱,故正父揖因留蜀。揖为将军孟达都督,随达降魏,为中书令史。
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