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天贝

天贝
生鲜天贝
别称天培、丹贝
起源地 印度尼西亚
主要成分大豆椰子
未煮熟天贝
根霉属真菌发酵脱皮大豆所得到的天贝

天贝印尼语témpé、英语:tempeh,另称天培丹贝)是一种发源于1800年代印尼爪哇发酵黄豆[1][2]。传统天贝是将根霉属Rhizopus spp.)真菌接种至煮熟的脱皮大豆,再以香蕉叶包覆,经过一至两天发酵,真菌将大豆分解后菌丝包覆大豆而成的白色饼状食品。目前已有其他五谷杂粮被用来制作天贝,也有以完整不去皮大豆制作天贝者。[3]在卫生考量下,发酵用的容器多改为塑胶材质或不锈钢制品,成品也以冷藏或冷冻方式运送及保存。

由大豆为主原料制成之大豆天贝,因含有丰富之蛋白质,可作为肉类的代用品或是做成素肉,是素食人士摄取蛋白质的食品之一。[2]

根霉属真菌中的少孢根霉Rhizopus oligosporus)为制作天贝的主要菌种之一。

在1895年,印尼首次报导因食用椰子天贝而食物中毒死亡的案例,但未发现中毒原因。1930年代,印尼经济受经济大萧条重挫,导致不少家庭为节省经费而放弃购买椰子天贝并改为于家中自制,因难以严格把关卫生而导致中毒事件频发,每年达到10至12起。自1975年以来,食用受污染的椰子天贝已导致近3000起米酵菌酸中毒病例,至少150人死亡。在印尼,米酵菌酸中毒总体死亡率为60%。[4]在1988年爆发一起大规模米酵菌酸中毒事件后,印尼政府当局鉴于此种食物可能产生的危险性及局势的严重性,已立法永久禁止生产和销售椰子天贝[5][6][7],但当地仍有民众秘密私下生产。

参考资料

  1. ^ 黎倩蕾. 由印尼黃豆餅到世界級天貝 留港不外遊也可放眼世界. 思考香港. 2020-05-07 [2022-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-10). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 素肉怎麼做?讓菌絲體開啟素食新境界!——《真菌大未來》. PanSci 泛科学. 2024-02-23 (中文(台湾)). 
  3. ^ 林怡均. 超級食物「天貝」吃了沒?發酵魔力加持,大豆變身極品植物蛋白. 上下游新闻市集. 2021-03-22. 
  4. ^ Bhavbhuti M. Mehta, Afaf Kamal-Eldin and Robert Z. Iwanski (编). Chapter 9. Fermented Cereal and Legume Products. Fermentation: Effects on Food Properties (CRC Press). 2012. ISBN 978-1-4398-5334-4. doi:10.1201/b11876-10. 
  5. ^ Anwar, Mehruba; Kasper, Amelia; Steck, Alaina R.; Schier, Joshua G. Bongkrekic Acid—a Review of a Lesser-Known Mitochondrial Toxin. Journal of Medical Toxicology. June 2017, 13 (2): 173–179. ISSN 1556-9039. PMC 5440313可免费查阅. PMID 28105575. doi:10.1007/s13181-016-0577-1. 
  6. ^ Riyanto, Rifqi Ahmad. A Short Review of Bongkrek Acid In Food Safety Perspective (PDF). Food ScienTech Journal. 2019, 1: 65–68 [29 April 2023]. doi:10.33512/fsj.vli2.6427. 
  7. ^ A Short Review of Bongkrekic Acid In Food Safety Perspective. [Abstract] (PDF). 
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天贝
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