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海绵

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多孔动物门
化石时期:埃迪卡拉纪至今
炉管海绵(Aplysina archeri
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 多孔动物门 Porifera
Grant, 1836[1]
主要分支[2]
异名

海绵(sponge)是一类原始的水生无脊椎动物,在生物分类学上构成名为多孔动物门学名:Porifera,也称海绵动物门)的分类单元。因外形像植物,而且着生于海洋或湖泊底部,所以海绵千百年来都被认为是植物,但后来发现牠们几乎具备所有最基本的动物特征,于是在19世纪中期被归入动物界。海绵缺乏神经系统消化系统循环系统,身上布满了通水的小孔和沟道,多数种类依靠维持恒定的海水流过其身体来获取食物和氧气,并清除体内的废弃物。典型的海绵由两层联系松散的细胞构成体壁,围绕着中央体腔构成管状身体,体壁有众多的小孔和沟道。此外,也有缺乏中央腔而身体有众多小孔和沟道的类型[4]

海绵曾被认为是所有动物的最近共同祖先中最先分化的一支,在整个动物界的演化树上位于最基部,和其他所有动物(即真后生动物)形成姐妹群关系[5][6][7][8],但目前的研究指出栉水母比海绵更早出现。[9]动物学中专门研究海绵的分支学科被称作海绵学(spongiology)[10]

下级分类

依据世界海洋物种目录(World Register of Marine Species,WoRMS),多孔动物门包含以下类群:[2]

参考文献

  1. ^ Grant, R.E. Animal Kingdom. Todd, R.B. (编). The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology Vol. 1. London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. 1836: 107–118. LCCN 06002739. OCLC 12171340. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.27651可免费查阅. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Porifera. WoRMS. 2021. (原始内容存档于2021-06-27). 
  3. ^ Pajdzińska, Anna. Animals die more shallowly: they aren't deceased, they're dead. Animals in the polish linguistic worldview and in contemporary life sciences. Ethnolinguistics. 2018, 29: 147–161. doi:10.17951/et.2017.29.135可免费查阅. 
  4. ^ 多孔动物门. 术语在线. 北京: 全国科学技术名词审定委员会事务中心. (原始内容存档于2021-07-09). (简体中文)
  5. ^ Feuda, R.; Dohrmann, M.; Pett, W.; et al. Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (24): 3864–3870.e4. PMID 29199080. S2CID 29025747可免费查阅. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ Pisani, D.; Pett, W.; Dohrmann, M.; et al. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals (PDF). PNAS. 2015, 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. PMC 4687580可免费查阅. PMID 26621703. S2CID 35498437可免费查阅. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112可免费查阅. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-25). 
  7. ^ Simion, P.; Philippe, H.; Baurain, D.; et al. A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals (PDF). Current Biology. 2017, 27 (7): 958–967. PMID 28318975. S2CID 4560353可免费查阅. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031可免费查阅. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-25). 
  8. ^ Giribet, Gonzalo. Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects. Zoologica Scripta英语Zoologica Scripta. 2016, 45: 14–21. S2CID 89157382可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215可免费查阅. 
  9. ^ Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals. Nature. 2023-05-17, 618 (7963): 110–117. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..110S. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10232365可免费查阅. PMID 37198475. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6 (英语). 
  10. ^ Spongiology. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [2021-07-02]. 
  11. ^ Van Soest, R.W.M.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Hooper, J.N.A.; et al. Carnosa. World Porifera Database. 2021. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27) –通过 WoRMS. 
  12. ^ Van Soest, R.W.M.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Hooper, J.N.A.; et al. Placodictyum Schmidt, 1870. World Porifera Database. 2021. (原始内容存档于2021-07-25) –通过 WoRMS. 

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海绵
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