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坚头类

坚头类
化石时期:泥盆纪晚期 - 现代 375–0 Ma
提塔利克鱼 Tiktaalik roseae
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
演化支 嗅球类 Olfactores
亚门: 脊椎动物亚门 Vertebrata
下门: 有颌下门 Gnathostomata
演化支 真有颌类 Eugnathostomata
高纲: 硬骨鱼高纲 Osteichthyes
演化支 肉鳍鱼类 Sarcopterygii
演化支 四足形类 Tetrapodomorpha
演化支 始四足类 Eotetrapodiformes
演化支 希望螈类 Elpistostegalia
演化支 坚头类 Stegocephalia
Cope, 1868
演化支

坚头类学名Stegocephalia)是肉鳍鱼总纲扇鳍纲四足形亚纲演化支,起源于泥盆纪晚泥盆世,其成员仅剩四足类存活至今。早期坚头类动物外貌像蝾螈,并渐渐演化出今日爬行类的形态[1]。坚头类动物得名于其化石,由于牠们的头骨均有坚硬的骨甲。这个词是在1868年由美国古生物学家爱德华·德林克·科普Edward Drinker Cope)创制,源于希腊语的“στεγοκεφαλια”,意思就是“有屋顶的头”[2]

分类

坚头类动物原来是一个,后来改用迷齿亚纲这个名称,然后再细分为三个目[3]。然而,由于坚头类(以及迷齿亚纲)是一个并系群,现在这个名称只在非正式场合使用,用以表示早期的非鱼类脊椎动物,不包括羊膜动物(即首种爬虫类动物及其后代)和今日的滑体亚纲动物。

古生物学家米歇尔·劳林英语Michel Laurin重新起用“坚头类”这个名词来定义分支系统学上比较离片椎目关系更密切,而离潘氏鱼较远的有脊椎动物(已知与四足类关系最亲的类群还保有一对鳍,见下) [4]。因此,坚头类包括所有有脚趾而没有鳍的有脊椎动物,以及少数仍然保有一对鳍的早期四足总纲动物,例如散步鱼(Elginerpeton)、变额螈(Metaxygnathus)、孔螈(Ventastega)、海纳螈Hynerpeton)等。与旧的定义不同的是:现时的坚头类只用于一个单系群,而不是并系群,用以取代“四足类”这个定义较上层的名称[5]

参考文献

  1. ^ 施浒. 爬行纲. 湖北省汉川市高级中学网站:生物小吧. 2011-04-06 [2013-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-16) (中文(简体)). 
  2. ^ Cope, E. D. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia of North America. [北美已灭绝的蛙类简介]. Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1868: 208-221 (英语). 
  3. ^ Romer, A. S.英语Alfred Sherwood Romer, (1947, revised ed. 1966) Vertebrate Paleontology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
  4. ^ Laurin, M.英语Michel Laurin. The importance of global parsimony and historical bias in understanding tetrapod evolution. Part I-systematics, middle ear evolution, and jaw suspension. [全球简约与历史偏见对理解四足动物进化的重要性:第一部 系统学,中耳的进化,下巴悬挂部分]. Annales des Sciences Naturelles(自然科学年鉴), Zoologie 13e (Paris). 1998, (Series 19): 1–42 (英语). 
  5. ^ Laurin英语Michel Laurin; et al. Terrestrial Vertebrates. Stegocephalians: Tetrapods and other digit-bearing vertebrates. Tree of life. [2013-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2011-03-01) (英语). 

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坚头类
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