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哈达 (海西女真)

哈达满语ᡥᠠᡩ᠋ᠠ转写Hada)是女真的氏族部落之一,因世居于哈达河畔(今辽宁省西丰县小清河)而得名。

历史

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明朝后期,哈达属于海西四部之一,由与乌拉同祖的哈达那拉氏所统治。自王台任哈达国主后,采取“远交近攻”之策略,使哈达逐渐称雄于女真各部,叶赫、乌拉、辉发建州女真所属之浑河部“尽皆服之”。

万历二年(1574年),因捕得王杲,明封王台为右柱国、龙虎将军,认可其女真霸主的地位。然而王台晚年,生活腐化,民不堪苦,时常有叛投叶赫部之事,国势渐衰。

万历十年(1582年)王台死,岱善即位,孟格布禄谋杀继位,王台余子不服,互相攻杀。适逢叶赫与建州崛起,哈达在内耗之中彻底失去了女真霸主的地位。后来在古勒山之战中,哈达也是九部联军的主力之一,被建州女真击败。最终,于万历二十七年(1599年),建州贝勒努尔哈赤攻占哈达城,贝勒孟格布禄投降,被努尔哈赤下令恩养,哈达实质上已遭建州吞并。不久,孟格布禄谋刺努尔哈赤,伏诛

万历二十九年(1601年),努尔哈赤将女儿下嫁给孟格布禄之子吴尔古代。不久,明朝遣使来指责建州意图吞并哈达。努尔哈赤便将吴尔古代送还所部,使其为贝勒重掌哈达。叶赫贝勒纳林布禄闻讯,联合蒙古诸部劫掠哈达,掠走敕书六十道。不久,哈达闹饥荒,吴尔古代穷困而投建州,哈达自此正式灭亡。

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参考资料

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哈达 (海西女真)
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