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,是中国商朝以前君王称号。商朝以后,转为东亚汉字文化圈内多国君王正配的称号,即皇后

字源

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“后”是一个会意字甲骨文的“后”字,左下方是一个“口”,右上方是一只拢起的手;自金文以后,字型成镜像翻转,手移到了左上方并延续至今,意为将手圈在嘴上呼喊,让声音传得更远。《说文解字》:“后,继体君也,像人之形,施令以告四方,发号者,君后也”。在上古氏族部落为母系社会,施令发号者一般是女性权威,所以后的意思为具有权威的女性长辈。在甲骨文的卜辞中,“后”经常用来指代氏族中的女性首领。由此引申出帝王正配等含义。但由于有施令发号等表示权威的意思,所以男性首领也用这个字。如大禹的儿子称为“夏后氏”,此外还有传说中射日的后羿

“后”字和“司”字在解释形义上是相辅相成的。“司”和“后”本为同一字,只不过甲骨文中的司字,手在左上方而已,从金文开始镜像翻转,移到了右上方。古文字的各部分构件位置是不定的,手在左方还是在右方对字义并没有影响,商代的“后母戊鼎”常可以称“司母戊鼎”,“司马”也可以写作“后马”。到金文后期和小篆时代,两个字的结构就逐渐定下来,“后”是手为向,所以尊为王后的后,而司字因手为左向,地位相比就低一些。

用法演变

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后在两朝是君王称号,如后羿[a]周朝开始,后转为君王正配的称号,如周天子正配称王后,而诸侯正配称君后。[b]秦朝秦始皇首创并使用皇帝君王称号以后,皇帝正配从原本的王后改称皇后西汉诸侯王正配也称王后。东汉以后,诸王正配称王妃,但在部分情况下,特许诸侯王正配称后,如东汉末年曹操为魏王时,其正配卞氏封为魏王后,但这是权臣擅权、逾矩使然。

后指君王正妻的用法也见于汉字文化圈其他国家,包括日本朝鲜 (称谓)越南

参见

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参考文献

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脚注
  1. ^ 诗经》.商颂.玄鸟:“商之先后,受命不殆,在武丁孙子。”《左传》.僖公三十二年:“其南陵,夏后之墓也。”[1]
  2. ^ 汉书》.卷五.景帝纪:“朕亲耕,后亲,以奉宗庙粢盛祭服,为天下先。”清.陆次云.《费宫人传》:“后自缢,袁贵妃亦自缢。帝拔剑刃嫔妃数人。”[1]
引用
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 . 异体字字典. 中华民国教育部. [2014-06-15]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04) (中文(台湾)). 
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