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原始汉藏族

建议将汉藏民族并入此条目或章节。(讨论

原始汉藏族(英语:Proto-Sino-Tibetan people),又称原始汉藏人古汉藏人,是使用原始汉藏语的古代族群,为后世汉族羌族缅族藏族的共同先祖。原始汉族最早从原始汉藏族中分离,之后原始汉藏族再分支出包括羌族、藏族与缅族等藏缅语系族群[1]

起源学说

原始汉藏族的语言起源,学界存在三种假说,德内-高加索语系假说,泛喜马拉雅语言假说,以及汉-南岛语系假说。学者白桂思认为汉语与藏缅语不是同出一源,是独立发展的语言。

德内-高加索语系假说认为汉藏语系与北高加索语系、叶尼塞语系等有同源关系。美国学者许靖华支持此说,认为汉藏人在公元前六千多年,因气候变冷,离开叶尼塞河南下,击败原居于中国东南方的苗族与傜族先民,进居中国中原地区[2][页码请求]

泛喜马拉雅语言假说认为,早期人类经喜马拉雅山脉一带东迁,在亚洲南部地区形成原始汉藏族。原始汉藏族后沿川藏一带,进入黄河上游地区。在黄河上游地区,分支成原始藏缅族与原始汉族两支,原始藏缅族向川藏、甘青一带往回移居至青康藏高原以至印度一带,原始汉族则往黄河中下游移居[3]马蒂索夫认为原始汉藏族起源自喜马拉雅山区,沿河川往下游迁徙,于公元前4000年左右开始分化出原始汉族。在分化出原始汉族之后,余下未分化的原始汉藏族后又分化为藏族、缅族、彝族、羌族等[4]

汉-南岛语系假说与南方大语系假说认为,汉藏语系,壮侗语系南岛语系共同起源于亚洲南部,苗瑶语系也可能可以被纳入其中。

中华人民共和国学者田阡子等人的基因研究指出汉藏人起源自东亚南部,于距今4万至2万年前间北上至黄河中上游[5]

复旦大学学者金力团队于2019年发表论文,以遗传学与贝叶斯统计方法研究,指出在公元前6000年的中国黄河流域,原始汉藏语分支出原始汉语与原始藏缅语,原始汉藏族因此分成原始汉族与原始藏缅族两支[6]

原始藏缅族

原始汉族在黄河中游分化出去之后,仍然使用原始汉藏语的原始汉藏族,改称为原始藏缅族。原始藏缅族在接下来一千年至二千年间,尚未分化,大地湾文化马家窑文化齐家文化都被认为可能是由原始藏缅族创造。

有学者认为后来被汉族称为氐、西羌、党项、吐番等族群可能都是原始藏缅族[7][8][9][10][11]

原始藏缅族沿着长江、黄河河谷往上游发展,与各地原有居民混合,分化成西羌、氐人、党项、藏族、西南夷等不同民族。在公元500年左右,原始藏缅族最终抵达中南半岛与印度南方。

考古遗址

大汶口文化[12][13]磁山文化[14],以及之后的仰韶文化马家窑文化,常被认为与原始汉藏族有关[15][16][17]

龙山文化也被认为与原始汉藏族或原始汉族有关[18][19]

参考文献

  1. ^ 研究表明:汉藏血缘关系最近. [2024-05-03]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-02). 
  2. ^ 甘锡安译,许靖华著《气候创造历史》,台北联经出版社,2012年。ISBN 9789570840308
  3. ^ Van Driem, George. Sino-Bodic. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1997, 60 (3) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 619539. (原始内容存档于2022-10-13). 
  4. ^ Matisoff, James A., Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects, Annual Review of Anthropology, 1991, 20, JSTOR 2155809, doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.20.1.469. 
  5. ^ 田阡子、孙宏开、江荻. 《汉藏语数据与东亚人类的渊源》. 西南民族大学学报. 2007, 28 (11): 38–42 [2021-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-14). “汉藏语群体的祖先最初来源于东亚的南部,在约20000到40000年前,一个携带Y染色体m122突变的群体最终到达了黄河中上游盆地,在这里约10000年前发展起了新石器文化” 
  6. ^ Zhang, Menghan; Yan, Shi; Pan, Wuyun; Jin, Li. Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic. Nature. 2019-05, 569 (7754) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31019300. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1153-z. (原始内容存档于2022-03-15) (英语). 
  7. ^ Edwin G. Pulleyblank. Chapter 14 - The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times. David Keightley (编). The Origins of Chinese Civilization. University of California Press. 1983. ISBN 0-520-04229-8. 
  8. ^ Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann: History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. UNESCO, 1996, page 501.
  9. ^ Sanping Chen: Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
  10. ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey: The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, 2010, page 69.
  11. ^ Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt. Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History. Routledge, 2005, page 87.
  12. ^ Deng, Wei; Shi, Baochen; He, Xiaoli; Zhang, Zhihua; Xu, Jun; Li, Biao; Yang, Jian; Ling, Lunjiang; Dai, Chengping; Qiang, Boqin; Shen, Yan. Evolution and migration history of the Chinese population inferred from Chinese Y-chromosome evidence. Journal of Human Genetics. 2004-07, 49 (7) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 1435-232X. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0154-3. (原始内容存档于2022-10-14) (英语). 
  13. ^ Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yan, Shi; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Lu, Yan; Ding, Qi-Liang; Wei, Lan-Hai; Li, Shi-Lin; Yang, Ya-Jun; Jin, Li; Li, Hui; the Genographic Consortium. Late Neolithic expansion of ancient Chinese revealed by Y chromosome haplogroup O3a1c-002611: Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomes in China. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 2013-05, 51 (3) [2022-10-13]. doi:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2012.00244.x. (原始内容存档于2023-01-23) (英语). 
  14. ^ Sagart, Laurent; Jacques, Guillaume; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis. Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2019, 116 (21): 10317–10322. PMC 6534992可免费查阅. PMID 31061123. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817972116可免费查阅. 
  15. ^ Zhang, Menghan; Yan, Shi; Pan, Wuyun; Jin, Li. Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic. Nature. 24 April 2019, 569 (7754): 112–115. PMID 31019300. S2CID 129946000. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1153-z. 
  16. ^ Bradley, David. Subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages. 10th International Conference on Evolutionary Linguistics, Nanjing University. 27–28 October 2018. 
  17. ^ LaPolla, Randy. The origin and spread of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Nature. 2019, 569 (7754): 45–47. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31036967. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01214-6可免费查阅 (英语). 
  18. ^ Wen, Shao-Qing; Tong, Xin-Zhu; Li, Hui. Y-chromosome-based genetic pattern in East Asia affected by Neolithic transition. Quaternary International. Domestication East Asia. 2016-12-28, 426: 50–55. Bibcode:2016QuInt.426...50W. ISSN 1040-6182. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.03.027 (英语). 
  19. ^ Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Ye, Hui-Yuan; Wang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Liu, J.; Wang, Fei; Yao, Hongbing; Chen, P.; Tao, R.; Wang, Shouyu. Peopling of Tibet Plateau and multiple waves of admixture of Tibetans inferred from both modern and ancient genome-wide data. bioRxiv. 2020. S2CID 220366671. doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.185884可免费查阅. 
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原始汉藏族
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