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原始藏缅族

原始藏缅族(英语:Proto-Tibeto-Burman people),为使用原始藏缅语的古代族群。藏族、羌族、缅族等藏缅语系民族,皆为原始藏缅族后裔。

主流学说认为原始藏缅族即是原始汉藏族,原始汉族最先由原始汉藏族分化出去,余下未分化的族群改称为原始藏缅族[1]

概论

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白保罗马蒂索夫等支持汉藏语系学说的语言学者认为,藏语、缅语与汉语等现代族群有共同先祖,称为原始汉藏族。最早从原始汉藏族中分离出去的,为原始汉族。在公元前6000年至4000年间,原始汉族分支出去之后,原有的原始汉藏族,仍然保持使用原始汉藏语,但因为汉族已经分化离开,此后改称为原始藏缅族。原始藏缅族沿着黄河、长江等河谷,向上游及下游发展。当时包括阿尔泰民族、汉族、南岛民族、壮侗语族与南亚民族等已经形成,原始藏缅族与这些民族交会后,逐渐产生分化,进一步分支出藏族、羌族等不同民族[2]

语言学者白桂思认为,原始藏缅族与原始汉族是两只独立并行发展的族群,不源自共同先祖。

分化过程

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原始汉族在黄河中游分化出去之后,原始藏缅族居住在原始汉族周围,被视为野蛮外族,有氐羌戎狄等不同称呼。在中国山西、陕西、河南、甘肃一带的古羌人,学者认为就是原始藏缅族之一[3][4][5][6][7]。中华人民共和国学者冯时认为,殷商甲骨文中的人方以及西周所称的东夷,即是藏缅族中的彝族[8]

古羌人一部分被原始汉族吸纳,一部分成为匈奴所属。在汉朝时,其余残留的部落形成西羌氐人党项藏族等。一部分部落往新疆发展,被大月氏乌孙吸纳。

在汉朝时,在汉朝西南的原始藏缅族,被称为西南夷,与南岛民族、壮侗民族、苗傜族等交会,逐步向亚洲南方扩展,在公元500年左右,原始藏缅族最终抵达中南半岛与印度南方。随着汉朝南扩,一部分藏缅族被吸纳到汉族之中,其余族群则形成彝族与缅族等不同分支。

考古遗址

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大地湾文化马家窑文化齐家文化可能是由原始藏缅族创造。

注释

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  1. ^ van Driem, George. The diversity of the Tibeto-Burman language family and the linguistic ancestry of Chinese. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 2007, 1 (2): 211–270. doi:10.1163/2405478X-90000023. 
  2. ^ Matisoff, James A. 2015. The Sino-Tibetan Language Family: Description of the Sino-Tibetan Language Family页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus.
  3. ^ Edwin G. Pulleyblank. Chapter 14 - The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times. David Keightley (编). The Origins of Chinese Civilization. University of California Press. 1983. ISBN 0-520-04229-8. 
  4. ^ Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann: History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. UNESCO, 1996, page 501.
  5. ^ Sanping Chen: Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
  6. ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey: The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, 2010, page 69.
  7. ^ Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt. Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History. Routledge, 2005, page 87.
  8. ^ 冯时《古文字与古史新论》,台湾书房,2007年。
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原始藏缅族
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