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升变

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升变(英语:promotion)是国际象棋中的一种特殊着法。一方的从初始位置到达对面最底一横行时,将立即变为己方的其中一种。升变的棋子种类由棋手自由选择,不受棋盘上现有棋子的限制。

在一些变体中,容许兵升变成甚至是对方的棋子。

由于后在棋子中威力最强,故兵升变成后最为常见,称为“变后”(Queening)。兵变为其他子的升变称为“低升变”(Underpromotion),多数只于棋局问题中出现。

因后兼具车、象的功能而不具备马的功能,故兵升变为马有时能发挥特别作用,例如将杀对方,抽吃对方后、车等大子,或在劣势下谋求和棋。升变为车的情况较为少见,一般是为避免对方无子可动而被逼和,在传统棋规上,也可以用来进行升变王車易位。现实棋局中,升变为象最为罕见,大约33000局之中只有1局。

截至2006年,包含3,200,000棋局(大部分是国际大师的对赛)的ChessBase数据库中约1.5%的棋局有升变一著。在这些升变当中(把同一棋手升变成同一子的所有棋局视为一局),升变的比例大约是:

  • 升变为后─96.9%
  • 升变为马─1.8%
  • 升变为车─1.1%
  • 升变为象─0.2%

升变并不限于被吃掉的子。一些较精致的棋盘会附带黑白色各一只后,以为升变之用。若无多余的后可用,可以把车上下反转、或将马平放,作为升变而成的后。(一局之内可以存在多个后)

中国象棋中的兵卒过河后获得横行的能力,也可看作升变的一种形式。而日本将棋也存在棋子升变的规则。

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升变
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