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勾栏

勾栏,又作勾阑构栏游棚腰棚乐棚[1],是戏曲在城市中的主要表演场所。勾栏一词于南北朝刘宋段国《沙州记》:“吐谷浑于河上作桥,谓之河房,长一百五十步,勾栏甚严设。”(北魏郦道元《水经注·河水二》引《沙州记》记作钩栏),本为弯延曲折的栏杆,并没有伎院或教坊的意思。[2]宋代则称俳优棚为勾栏。[3]单位为“座”,一间瓦子瓦舍可能有复数的勾栏,大瓦子可容纳五十多座勾栏。[1][4]作为综合商业的城市空间,瓦舍勾栏的盛行与里坊制的崩坏有密切关联。

原意栏杆、为了隔离行人的勾栏在唐代已经与歌舞有关。[5]由于古代的妓院也是表演歌舞的地方,艺妓歌妓、舞妓等不一定提供性服务,如《金瓶梅》之李瓶儿被称为勾栏中人,或《瓶外卮言》所谓杭州瓦子巷之类言词,均无性交易或性服务得指代。 明代以后又把妓院叫作勾栏。[6]

宋朝的大城市内的勾栏,可供艺人演出杂剧及讲史、诸宫调傀儡戏影戏杂技等等,可容纳观众数千人。根据孟元老《东京梦华录》记载,其实勾栏的外型与方形木箱无异,四周围以板壁。[7]为了宣传,有些勾栏门首会悬挂“旗牌、帐额、神帧、靠背”等装饰物。勾栏内部则设有戏台和观众席。戏台是三面敞开的,而三面的观众席则是阶梯式,防止前排的观众遮挡后排观众的视线。[8]

有些勾栏表演时间、地点固定,甚至艺人、节目都固定不变。流动的勾栏又作勾肆、游棚、遥棚、棘盆、露台、乐棚、彩棚、彩楼等,分布京城各角落。随勾栏流动演出的艺人被称作“路歧人”,表演被称为“打野呵”。[1]由于临时的勾栏容易损坏,元朝的《南村辍耕录》曾记载倒塌、压死观众的不幸事情,所以以砖木结构的庙台慢慢开始取代了勾栏。

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 国晶. 宋朝游历指南. 
  2. ^ 袁枚《随园诗话》:今人动称‘勾栏’为教坊。《甘泽谣》辨云:“汉有顾成庙,设勾栏以扶老人。非教坊也。”:唐.李颀.“圣善阁送裴迪入京诗”:“云华满高阁,苔色上钩栏。”
  3. ^ 《书言故事》:“俳优棚曰钩栏。”;孟元老《东京梦华录》卷八,中元节:“构肆乐人,自过七夕,便般目连救母杂剧,直至十五日止。”
  4. ^ ;《西湖老人繁胜录》瓦市:南瓦、中瓦、大瓦、北瓦、蒲桥瓦。惟北瓦大,有勾栏一十三座。常是两座勾栏,专说史书,乔万卷……
  5. ^ 李商隐《倡家诗》“帘轻幕重金勾栏”
  6. ^ 翁立; 丁幼华. 北京的胡同(精). Beijing Book Co. Inc. 2017-10-09: 195 [2021-12-25]. ISBN 978-7-101-12271-8. (原始内容存档于2022-01-31) (中文). 
  7. ^ 《东京梦华录》:“东京般载车,大者曰‘太平’,上有箱无盖,箱如构栏而平。”
  8. ^ 孟子厚. 宋代勾欄聲學特徵考證 (PDF). 中国传媒大学传播声学研究所. [2009-04-13]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-11-22). 
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勾栏
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