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雷瓦汀

雷瓦汀[注 1](英语:Lævateinn)是北欧神话中的一种武器。在《诗体埃达》的《费约尔斯维茨之歌》(Fjölsvinnsmál)中称其为洛基所造。“雷瓦汀”一名并未在原稿中出现,而是在布格·埃尔塞乌斯·索富斯(Bugge Elseus Sophus)与其他人所修订的版本中由“哈瓦汀”一词变化而来。

这一武器被用于击杀位于米玛美索树(Mímameiðr)顶部的公鸡维德普涅(Víðópnir),从而使寻访者实现自己的要求亦或是得到诗篇标题中的角色——“聪慧的看守者”费约尔斯维茨(Fjölsviðr)的回答。

雷瓦汀的本体有多种说法,有认为是飞镖(或是某种投射型武器),亦或是剑,乃至是杖。在不同的注释者和译者笔下有所不同。在一些资料中,它被注释为字面意义为能造成伤害的杖,而在其他资料中宣称这是一种对剑的比喻复合辞(kenning)形式,还有资料则更喜欢称之为一种赛德魔杖(seiðr staff)。

论证

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根据《费约尔斯维茨之歌》中“聪慧的看守者”费约尔斯维茨的解说,雷瓦丁是唯一能击败公鸡维德普涅的武器。[1][2][3]这一武器的制造者是洛普(Lopt),即洛基。[4]

名与意

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哈瓦汀是这一武器在原稿中未受篡改前的名字,奥德尼·马格努松(Árni Magnússon)于公元1787年注释为飞镖/箭矢[注 2][5],阿莫斯·西蒙·科特尔(Amos Simon Cottle)在1797年则注释为“一种箭矢名/绝不会偏离目标”[6]

雷瓦汀一名的变化出自布格·埃尔塞乌斯·索富斯在公元1860年-1861年左右的提议[7],随后在其编辑的《诗体埃达》印刷版中出现(公元1867年),并注释为伤害之杖[4]、破坏之杖[8]或毁灭之杖[9]

公正的说,雷瓦汀或之杖(læ-wand)可能具有三种含义[10],而英文注释中往往只解释其中一种,læ(læva的主格形式)的三种解释为狡诈、欺骗、挫伤[11][12] ,埃纳尔·奥拉维尔·斯维恩斯松(Einar Ólafur Sveinsson)则在未作进一步解释的情况下注释为“非欺骗之杖”。[1][13]

《费约尔斯维茨之歌》

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武器在诗篇中被简略地提及:

布格主张这一诗篇应被视为《斯维普达格之歌》(Svipdagsmál)【其被认为是《格罗亚咒歌》(Grógaldr)的续篇】的第二部分,武器之名被他改为雷瓦汀。[14] 这一诗还曾被其他人改动,"í sæg iárnkeri"(置于铁花瓶中)[15][注 3]被亚尔马·法尔克(Hjalmar Falk)修改为"í Lægjarns keri",Lægjarn被注释为“凶兆之爱人”,此即洛基之昵称。[16][4]

理论

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武器名中的Læva(茎/柄)被认为是Læ-的属格,同样存在于洛基的昵称Lægjarn中,在此时,Læ意为“欺诈、欺骗;造成困扰之物”,可依次类推。[10][12]

武器的类型

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众多注释者与译者们对武器种类的定位并不一致。 奥德尼·马格努松与阿莫斯·西蒙·科特尔在西元十八世纪将哈瓦汀阐释为一种飞镖/箭矢(spiculum)。[5][6]
芬努尔·约恩斯松(Finnur Jónsson)和其他编辑者在公元20世纪早期之始则注释为一种剑[17][18],并特别声明它与亨里克·舒克(Henrik Schück)笔下的巨人史尔特尔手中的火焰剑是一样的。[19]
根据另外的说法,哈瓦汀或者说雷瓦汀可能是一种由洛基打造的魔杖,例如阿尔伯特·莫雷·斯特蒂文特(Albert Morey Sturtevant)所主张[20],以及一篇由鲁道夫·西梅克(Rudolf Simek)所引用的关于赛德魔杖的论文。[21][注 5]
亨利·亚当斯(Henry Adams)注释雷瓦汀意为“伤害之杖”,但拒绝将它与槲寄生或者说“杀死巴德尔的槲寄生”相关连起来[4]。更麻烦的是,李·弥尔顿·霍兰德(Lee Milton Hollander)提出尽管雷瓦汀在字面意思上可为“毁灭之杖”,但其在词源学上来说是对剑的比喻复合辞形式。[9][8]
在阿道夫·扎瓦罗尼(Adolfo Zavaroni)和雷焦·埃米莉亚(Reggio Emilia)对这首诗的理解中,雷瓦汀是一种短棒(Evilcudgel),而维德普涅拥有一堆棒子(占卜棒)并在那里保存着他的镰刀。事实上,völr在字面意义上是“圆棒”[22],尽管译者形象地把这解释为公鸡羽毛。[23][注 6]

注释

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  1. ^ 也有人称之为“胜利之剑”,但并无可靠来源证实此译名,原名与此意相去甚远。
  2. ^ 拉丁语spiculum in feriendo certum.
  3. ^ Or, if parsed as "sæ-gjarn" becomes construable as 'sea lover'.[4]
  4. ^ with an emendation by Falk shown in brackets.
  5. ^ Leszek Gardeła notes magic staff gambanteinn which also has a -teinn stem meaning 'twig'.
  6. ^ It should be explained that in Zavaroni and Emilia's picture, Viðofnir is not a mere bird, but "one of the aspects or hypostases of the [god] Hœnir".[22]

来源

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引用
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Einar Ól. Sveinsson (1971–1973),第300–301页.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Bellows tr. (1923). "Svipdagsmol (II Fjolsvinnsmol)" str. 41–42. p. 245
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Thorpe tr. (1907). "The Lay of Filolsvith" str. 26–27. pp. 98–99
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Bellows tr. (1923), pp. 245–246. Notes to "Svipdagsmol (II Fjolsvinnsmol)" str. 42.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Magnæus (1787). "Fiöl-svinns mál" str. 26–27. 1: 294–295
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Cottle tr. (1797). "The Fable of Fiolsuid". p. 278
  7. ^ Bugge, Sophus, Hr. Bugge holdt folgende Foredrag om Forbindelsenn mellem de norrøne Digte Grógaldr og Fjölsvinnsmál oplyst ved Sammenligning med den dansk-svenske Folkevise om Sveidal, Forhandlinger i videnskabs-selskabet i Christiania, Aar 1860, 1861,, Aar 1860: 139 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Simek (2007),第185页.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Hollander tr. (2011). "The Lay of Fjolsvith" str. 26–27. p. 148 and note.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Wanner, Kevin J., Cunning Intelligence in Norse Myth: Loki, Óðinn, and the Limits of Sovereignty, History of Religions, February 2009, 48 (3): 216 and n18, JSTOR 10.1086/598231, S2CID 161860193, doi:10.1086/598231 
  11. ^ Wanner citing Jan de Vries (1961), Wörterbuch.[10]
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Cf. "" s.v. Cleasby=Vigfusson's Dictionary (1874).
  13. ^ Pettit (2019), pp. 206–210, note 41
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Bugge (1867). "Svipdagsmál II: Fjölsvinnsmál" str. 25–26. pp. 347–348.
  15. ^ Magnæus (1787), p. 294 "拉丁语In sino, ferreo vase".
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Falk (1894), p. 51. "Mimetræts hane (Cockerel of the Mímameiðr--Mímir's tree)" str. 26. p. 51.
  17. ^ Finnur Jónsson (1905) p. 216 , and index, p. 524
  18. ^ Sijmons, Barend; Gering, Hugo ed. (1903–31) Edda 1:207. Cited by Wanner.[10]
  19. ^ Schück, Henrik. Studier i nordisk litteratur- och religionshistoria 2. Stockholm: Hugo Geber. 1904: 124. 
  20. ^ Sturtevant, Albert Morey, A Note on the Sigrdrífumál, Publications of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, March 1915, 2 (2): 83, JSTOR 40914942 
  21. ^ Gardeła (2009), p. 199, citing Simek (2006), p. 185.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Zavaroni & Emilia (2006),第72页.
  23. ^ e.g. Bellows tr. (1923). "Svipdagsmol (II Fjolsvinnsmol)" str. 46. p. 246: "sickle.. mid Vithofnir's feathers found".
参考书目
(texts and translations)
  • Bellows, Henry Adams, tr. (编). Svipdagsmol II: Fjolsvinnsmol. The poetic Edda. New York: American-Scandinavian Foundation. 1923: 239–251. 
  • —— (编). Svipdagsmol II: Fjolsvinnsmol. The poetic Edda. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. 2004: 239–251. ISBN 0-486-43710-8. 
  • Bugge, Sophus (编). Fiölsvinnsmál. Sæmundar Edda hins Fóda: Norroen Fornkvaedi. Christiana: P. T. Mallings. 1867: 343–351. 
  • Cottle, A. S., tr. (编). The Fable of Fiolsuid. Icelandic Poetry, Or The Edda of Saemund. Bristol: Joseph Cottle. 1797: 265–286. 
  • Hollander, Lee M., tr. (编). The Lay of Svipdag: The Lay of Fjolsvith. The Poetic Edda 1 2nd. Austin: University of Texas. 2011: 143–153 [1962]. ISBN 9780292764996. 
  • Finnur Jónsson (编). Fiölsvinnsmál. Sæmundar-Edda: Eddukvæði. Reykjavík: Sigurður Kristjánsson. 1905: 211–221. 
  • Thorpe, Benjamin, tr. (编). The Lay of Fjolsvith. The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson. London: Norrœna Society英语Norrœna Society. 2004: 95–101. ISBN 0-486-43710-8. 
  • Magnæus, Legatus [Arnas] (编). Fiöl-svinns mál. Edda Sæmundar hinns Fróda. Edda rhythmica seu antiquior, vulgo Sæmundina dicta 1. Hafniæ: Gyldendal英语Gyldendal. 1787: 275–310. 
(二手资料)
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雷瓦汀
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