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努力启发式思考法

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努力启发式思考法 是一种启发法,一个人对一个对象的质量或价值会取决于生产该对象的努力程度,判断需要较长时间生产的对象具有更高的价值。 [1]在一个对像上投入的精力越多,它就被认为越好。在价值难以评估或评估者在评估项目方面缺乏专业知识的情况下尤其如此。人们使用他们可以获得的任何信息所付出的努力通常被认为是讯息质量的可靠指标。 [1]

这方面的一个例子是比较捡到的100 美元和付出努力赚到的 100 美元。如果有人捡到 100 美元,他们更倾向于随心所欲地花钱,但如果这 100 美元是得来不易,他们就不太可能挥霍掉。人们会透过努力启发式的思考方式去衡量一个人将根据目标投入到行动中的努力程度。 [2] [3] [4]如果目标不重要,那么一个人愿意为此付出的努力就会更少。 [3]

解释

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与大多数其他动物一样,人类行为通常受奖励驱动,并受行动的能量成本支配。获得奖励需要付出努力,因此人们会权衡奖励的价值与获得奖励所需的努力程度。 [2]在很小的时候,孩子们就知道,由于努力而获得的良好表现受到成年人的重视,而老师最有可能奖励那些努力工作的人。 [5] [6]凭借经验,他们将努力内化为有价值的回报。

替代理论

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直接检查和测试努力启发式的研究很少,但是还有其他研究领域结合了这种结构,并以某种方式操纵了它的影响。然而,Kruger等人所做的研究之间的一个关键区别。和其他关于努力对判断的作用的研究是前者侧重于他人产生的努力而不是自我产生的努力。

也可以看看

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参考

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Kruger, J., Wirtz, D., Boven, L., & Altermatt, T. (2004). The effort heuristic. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 91-98.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Bijeveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2012). Adaptive reward pursuit: How effort requirements affect unconscious reward responses and conscious reward decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 141, 728-742.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
  4. ^ Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Jiang, Z., & Huang, S. (2011). Been There, Done That: The Impact of Effort Investment on Goal Value and Consumer Motivation. Journal of Consumer Research, 38, 78-93.
  5. ^ Juvonen, J., & Murdock, T. (1995). Grade-Level Differences in the Social Value of Effort: Implications for Self-Presentation Tactics of Early Adolescents. Child Development, 66, 1694-1694.
  6. ^ Harari, O., & Covington, M. (1981). Reactions to Achievement Behavior From a Teacher and Student Perspective: A Developmental Analysis. American Educational Research Journal, 18, 15-28.
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努力启发式思考法
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