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克伦语支

克伦语支
使用族群克伦族
地理分布印度、缅甸东南部、泰国西部、中国边境地区
谱系学分类汉藏语系
原始语言原始克伦语
分支
语言代码
ISO 639-2 / 5kar
–
ISO 639-6kree
Glottologkare1337[1]

克伦语支，是由约450万克伦族使用的一群声调语言，是藏缅语族的一个支系，分布在缅甸克伦邦、克耶邦、掸邦和邻近地区。[2]它们在汉藏语系内的归属不明确。[3]克伦语支语言一般用克伦文书写。[4]克伦语支下有3种语言：斯高克伦语（通常所说的克伦语）、波克伦语以及勃欧语。克耶语（红克伦语）和巴东语也属于克伦语支。克伦语的语序是主谓宾，和藏缅语族通常的语序主宾谓不同。汉藏语系中，有这种特征的还有白语和汉语。[5]现在一般认为这是与孟语和台语接触的结果。[6]

系属分类

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克伦语支在词法与句法上和其他藏缅语存在相当的不同，因此白保罗 (1972: 2–4, 129)将克伦语置出，归入“藏-克伦语族”，不过这种做法现在已经不再得到接受。[3][6]

常见的地理分类将其分为3部分：

北部
勃欧语
中部
多样性最丰富的分类，含克耶语（红克伦语）、克尧语、Bwe（Bghai）、Geba等。
南部
波克伦语和斯高克伦语

巴东语是北支与中支之间的过渡。[7]使用人数最多的语言是斯高克伦语、波克伦语和勃欧语。

Manson (2011)

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Manson (2011)的克伦语支分类方案如下，每支都有独立的创新：[8]

克伦语支
  • 外围：位于词首的原清塞音送气（如*p > pʰ）
  • 北支：鼻音韵尾合流（如*am、*an > aɴ）；韵腹为开元音的塞音韵尾合流（如*aʔ、*a > a）
    • 巴东语
    • Lahta
    • Yinbaw/Kayan
    • Yintale
  • 中支：元音高化（如*a > ɛ）
    • 克耶语
    • Geba、Bwe
    • Paku (?)
    • Geker/Kayan Geku, Gekho（可能属于中支或南支）
    • Kayaw, Manu（可能属于中支或南支）
  • 南支：鼻音韵尾合流，且韵腹高化（如*am、*aŋ > ɔ）

Geker、Gekho、Kayaw、Manu的分类不明确，可能属于中支或南支。

新谷忠彦 (2012)

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新谷忠彦 (2012:x)[9]在他所谓“Brakaloungic”语支中包含了克伦语，分类如下。

  • Brakaloungic
    • 勃欧语
    • 克伦语
      • 克耶语-巴东语
        • 克耶语
        • Pado-Thaido-Gekho
          • Thaidai[10]
          • Pado-Gekho
            • Gekho[11]
            • 巴东语
              • 巴东语 (Kayan)
              • Gekho (Yathu Gekho)
      • Bwe
        • Bweba-Kayaw
          • 克尧语
          • Bweba
            • Geba
            • Bwe
      • Sgaw-Pwo

但在出版时，新谷忠彦 (2012)报告说有40多种克伦语和/或方言，其中有许多最近才被记录下来。他还指出，所有Brakaloungic语都受到孟语影响，有些语言还受缅甸语和掸语影响。

巴东语分布在克耶邦、掸邦南部和克伦邦北部。新谷忠彦 (2016)认为下分4支，[13]分别是Kangan（“低地”）、Kakhaung（“高地”）、Lawi（“南部”）、Latha（“北部”）。[14]新谷忠彦 (2016)所记Nangki是“高地”语群的一种克耶语，仅见于一个村庄。

Kadaw分布在克耶邦，有鼻化元音而无鼻音韵尾。[14]其受缅甸语影响多于受掸语影响。Thamidai是另一种克伦语。[15] 以下是Hsiu (2019)根据新谷忠彦公布的词汇进行的系统发生学分析分类，总体结果类似于新谷忠彦 (2012)的整体结构。[16]

  • 克伦语支
    • 勃欧语
      • 北
      • 南
    • 克伦语
      • 巴东语
        • Kayin Phyu
        • Yathu Gekho
        • Thaidai
        • 巴东语：Padaung, Yinbaw, Kangan（“低地”）Kayan, Kakhaung（“高地”）Kayan
        • Gekho：Gekho, Kadaw, Taungmying
        • Nagi (Nangki) Kayan
        • Latha（“北”）Kayan, Zayein
        • Thamidai
      • 克耶语
        • 西部方言, Manaw
        • Yingtalay
      • Manu-Bwe
        • Manu
        • Bwe
          • East Kayaw
          • West Kayaw
          • Bwe
          • Geba
      • Mopwa-Pwo-Sgaw

Luangthongkum (2019)

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Luangthongkum (2019)识别出原始克伦语的北中南3支，但认为3支彼此的关系是不可知的。[17]

克伦语支

注释：西Bwe Karen语群保留了内爆或前声门化阻碍音ɓ/ʔb、ɗ/ʔd，以及清响音hn、hl等。

祖语

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参考文献

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  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Karenic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为e22的参考文献提供内容
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla. The Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5. 
  4. ^ Burmese/Myanmar script and pronunciation. Omniglot.com. [2015-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-02）. 
  5. ^ The Sino-Tibetan Language Family. Berkeley.edu. [2015-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2006-08-13）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Matisoff, James A. Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects. Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews Inc.). 1991, 20: 469–504. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002345. 
  7. ^ Solnit, David. Eastern Kayah Li. Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (编). The Sino-Tibetan Languages 2nd. Routledge. 2017: 932–941. ISBN 978-1-138-78332-4.  p. 933.
  8. ^ Manson, Ken. The subgrouping of Karen (PDF). Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2011 [2015-05-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-09）. 
  9. ^ Shintani Tadahiko (2012). A handbook of comparative Brakaloungic languages. Tokyo: ILCAA.
  10. ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2018. The Thaidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 116. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  11. ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2017. The Gokhu language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 111. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  12. ^ Shintani, Tadahiko. 2017. The Blimaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 112. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  13. ^ Shintani Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Shintani Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  15. ^ Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. The Thamidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 126. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  16. ^ Hsiu, Andrew. Karenic. Sino-Tibetan Branches Project. 2019 [2023-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-09）. 
  17. ^ Luangthongkum, Theraphan. A View on Proto-Karen Phonology and Lexicon. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2019, 12 (1): i–lii. ISSN 1836-6821. hdl:10524/52441 可免费查阅. 

阅读更多

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构拟

  • Jones, Robert B. Jr. 1961. Karen linguistic studies: Description, comparison, and texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics 25. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Luangthongkum, Theraphan. 2013. A view on Proto-Karen phonology and lexicon. Unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT.

词表

  • Shintani, Tadahiko. 2014. The Zayein language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 102. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  • Shintani, Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  • Shintani, Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

外部链接

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祖语：原始汉藏语（假说）
汉语族
汉语族
未分类
东北地区
"那伽语支（英语：Naga languages）"
萨尔语群
西部
大基兰特语支（英语：Mahakiranti languages）
大马嘉尔语支（英语：Greater Magaric languages）
东南部
东北部
其他分支
大桑朗语群
斜体表示单个语言也被视为单分支。
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克伦语支
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