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元素 (数学)

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数学领域,集合元素(英语:element)指构成该集合的任意对象,也可以称作成员(英语:member)。

集合

表示集合中有四个元素,分别是数字1、2、3、4。由集合中元素组成的集合是子集,例如

集合本身也可以是元素。例如,集合的元素不是1、2、3、4四个数,而是数字1、2和集合这三个元素。

集合的元素还可以是任何东西。例如,集合的元素为redgreenblue

符号和术语

符号“∈”表示“是中的元素”的关系,这种关系也称集合隶属关系(英语:set membership)。可以用

表示“中的元素”,也可以表达为“的成员”、“中”或“属于”。

有时也用“包含”表达集合隶属关系,但因为这样的说法也可以用来表达“子集”,应该谨慎使用,避免歧义。[1][2]不过使用符号时没有歧义,可以用

来表达“包含”。

不隶属的关系可以用符号“”表示,记作

意思是“不是的元素”。

符号∈最早见于朱塞佩·皮亚诺1889年的论文Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita[3]他在第 X 页[注 1]上写道:

Signum ∈ significat est. Ita a ∈ b legitur a est quoddam b; …

意思是

符号 ∈ 表示“是”。所以a ∈ b被读作 a 是 b; …

该符号源自希腊字母“E”的小写“ϵ”,是单词ἐστί的第一个字母,意思为“是”。[3]

字符
Unicode名称 Element of Not an element of Contains as member Does not contain as member
编码 十进制 十六进制 十进制 十六进制 十进制 十六进制 十进制 十六进制
Unicode 2208 U+2208 2209 U+2209 2211 U+220B 2212 U+220C
UTF-8 226 136 136 E2 88 88 226 136 137 E2 88 89 226 136 139 E2 88 8B 226 136 140 E2 88 8C
UTF-16 8712 2208 8713 2209 8715 220B 8716 220C
字符值引用 ∈ ∈ ∉ ∉ ∋ ∋ ∌ ∌
字符值引用 ∈ ∉ ∋
LaTeX \in \notin \ni \not\ni or \notni
Wolfram Mathematica \[Element] \[NotElement] \[ReverseElement] \[NotReverseElement]

集合的势

参见

注释

  1. ^ 这里的“X”是希腊数字的10

参考资料

  1. ^ Eric Schechter. Handbook of Analysis and Its Foundations. Academic Press. 1997. ISBN 0-12-622760-8.  p. 12
  2. ^ George Boolos. 24.243 Classical Set Theory (lecture) (演讲). 麻省理工学院. February 4, 1992. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Kennedy, H. C. What Russell learned from Peano. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic (Duke University Press). July 1973, 14 (3): 367–372. MR 0319684. doi:10.1305/ndjfl/1093891001可免费查阅. 

延伸阅读

  • Halmos, Paul R., Naive Set Theory需要免费注册, 数学大学生教材 Hardcover, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1974 [1960], ISBN 0-387-90092-6  - "Naive" means that it is not fully axiomatized, not that it is silly or easy (Halmos's treatment is neither).
  • Jech, Thomas, Set Theory, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2002 [2022-06-29], (原始内容存档于2015-03-14) 
  • Suppes, Patrick, Axiomatic Set Theory需要免费注册, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1972 [1960], ISBN 0-486-61630-4  - Both the notion of set (a collection of members), membership or element-hood, the axiom of extension, the axiom of separation, and the union axiom (Suppes calls it the sum axiom) are needed for a more thorough understanding of "set element".
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元素 (数学)
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