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儒字

儒字
汉字”一词在越南语中的三个名称
国语字 chữ Nho
chữ Hán
Hán tự
汉喃 𡨸儒
𡨸漢
儒字 漢字

儒字越南语Chữ Nho𡨸儒?),又称“汉字”(越南语Hán Tự, Chữ Hán漢字,𡨸漢?),是越南文中使用的汉字。通常用来书写由汉语传入越南语的汉字词,而其他固有词则由喃字越南语Chữ Nôm𡨸喃?)来书写。汉字教育在古越南比较受重视,官方和知识分子通常都能读写汉字。

但至法国开始殖民后到现今越南通行的文字为以拉丁字母为基础的国语字为主,汉字的边缘化地位比起限制字数的日本和偶尔才用汉字的朝鲜半岛来得更加严重,虽然有学者主张恢复汉字,但由于汉字的复杂性,至今仍未成为当地的主流价值观念。目前的越南汉字只有在极少数节日或是在古迹上才能看见。

字音

越南引入了大量的汉语词汇,保留了一些现代汉语没有的特征,例如区分疑母喻母影母。例如“”读 ngư、“”读 du、“”读 ư。另外,部分声母也发生了音变,例如“西”读 tây、“”读 dân

越南汉字的韵尾分化为4类,却没有影响到它对汉字韵尾保留的完整性。古汉语韵尾收 n, m, p, t 的汉字在越南文中依然收 n, m, p, t。例如: phán phàm pháp phát

发生分化的主要是古汉语尾韵收ng的汉字(及其配套的入声字)。ng韵尾在越南语中分化成ng, nh 二韵尾,具体的分化规则是韵腹为“洪音”(a, o, ơ, u, ư)时,韵尾ng(如: không quang nùng);韵腹是“细音”(读/ɛ/时的aie)的时候,韵尾是nh kinh sinh thành)。

汉字文化圈国家中,日本韩国越南在引入汉语词汇的时候都不同程度地保留了汉字的古汉语发音,但是只有越南文引入汉音的时候,连声调都一并保留并存续至今。虽然越南与中古汉语入声调被视作与两个去声调(锐声与重声)相同的调类,因为入声字带有 p, t, c/ch 韵尾,非常容易同去声字分别开来,仍可视作完整保留了“平上去入各分阴阳”的四声八调格局。

参见

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儒字
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