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生产力.
生产力(英语:productivity或productive forces,德语:Produktivkraft)是人对自然的关系,是改造自然和影响自然并使之适应社会需要的客观物质力量。是历史唯物主义的核心概念。
通常认为,生产力有三要素:劳动力、劳动资料、劳动对象。劳动力,或劳动能力,是“人的身体即活的人体中存在的、每当人生产某种使用价值时就运用的体力和智力的总和”。劳动资料也称劳动手段,是劳动过程中所运用的物质资料或物质条件。劳动对象即劳动过程中所能加工的一切对象,包括自然物和加工过的原材料。劳动资料和劳动对象合称生产资料。
孙冶方1980年发表的《什么是生产力以及关于生产力定义问题的几个争论》认为,自中华人民共和国建立以来十五年,对生产力问题有三次争论:
- 生产力三要素论和二要素论之争。二要素论认为,生产力由人和生产工具构成。三要素论在文革时期被批判为修正主义。文革结束后三要素论为大多数学者认可。
- 是否要研究生产力中“人的因素”和“物的因素”的争论。
- 生产力有没有内部矛盾,有没有“两重性”的争论,由李平心提出。
至今,“三要素论”已占主导地位,而其他问题尚无主流共识。
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