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牛腿琴

牛腿琴,又称牛巴腿二弦琴,按其音色也称为“给以”,是侗族的一种传统弓弦乐器,因琴体下端粗大上端纤细,形似牛腿而得名。流行于贵州广西湖南等地区。传统上用于侗族民歌和侗戏伴奏,也可用来独奏。

结构

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长50-80厘米左右,小型的可有18-20厘米。用整块杉木(或桐木松木、椿木、杨木等)制成。下部挖空,上蒙杉木或桐木制作的面板。面板上开有一个圆形音孔,可插入音柱。音柱被用来在演奏时调节音量和音色。

琴头为方柱形,无饰,长7-12厘米,宽4-6厘米,两侧或右侧各有硬木制的弦轴。琴头正面下方开有两个弦孔以穿弦。琴颈前平后圆、上窄下宽,长22-38厘米。正面无指板和品位。面板下方2/3处有或木制的桥形琴码。

两条琴弦用细棕绳制作,下部系在琴尾部钉的钻孔牛皮上。牛腿琴的琴弓为竹制,系棕丝制的弓毛。后来也有用丝弦、钢丝弦或马尾弓毛的。

演奏

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牛腿琴以五度音程定弦。小型的牛腿琴放于肩膀上演奏,大型的也可挟在腋下或支在两腿之间演奏。牛腿琴音色纤柔,略带嘶哑。

哈尼族的牛腿琴

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哈尼族有一种类似的乐器也称为牛腿琴或碧约牛腿琴,流传于云南思茅地区,也为整木制作,两根琴弦。

碧约牛腿琴长65-70厘米,为野桑木制,下部挖空的共鸣箱前方蒙有木制面板。面板中央开有12个圆形音孔。琴头正面有雕刻装饰,并带两个硬木弦轴。两条琴弦为丝或钢丝制。用牛角或竹片制成的拨子演奏。

碧约牛腿琴是斜置在胸前演奏,左手持琴按弦,右手弹拨。按五度音程定弦,音色清亮雅致,但音量较小。用于独奏或为歌唱伴奏。

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牛腿琴
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