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二硅烯

二硅烯

二硅烯(英文:Disilene),有时也被称作乙硅烯硅烯,是一类含有硅—硅双键有机硅化合物,它们与同族的元素形成的烯烃结构相似。

历史

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第一种瞬时存在的二硅烯由罗克(D. N. Roark)和佩德尔(Garry J. D. Peddle)于1972年制得。1979年,斯奈德和沃瑟曼研究了二硅烯(Si2H4)的基态结构,并说明它是单线态的。[1] 1981年,罗伯特·韦斯特英语Robert West分离出第一种热力学上稳定的二硅烯。[2]

性质

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简单的二硅烯是非常活泼的化合物,容易发生聚合反应等多种反应,因此存在的时间很短。为了防止聚合等反应的发生,可使用庞大的取代基来有效地使二硅烯稳定,并且能在稀溶液甚至晶体中长期存在。

稳定的二硅烯通常是黄色或橙色晶状化合物

二硅烯中Si=Si双键键长处于2.14 Å到2.29 Å之间,比对应硅烷中的Si-Si单键的键长要短将近5%—10%。这样的键长缩短程度与相应的烷烃烯烃比较,少了大约13%,但这并不影响它显著地表现出双键的性质。

二硅烯的更深层特殊之处在于取代基的反式倾斜,这在烯烃中从未被发现。二硅烯的R2Si平面与Si=Si对应向量的反式倾斜角范围在0度到33.8度之间。这为对应的硅宾的稳定性提供了合理化解释。硅的价层轨道3s轨道和3p轨道,而碳的价轨道是2s轨道和2p轨道,因此硅原子ns轨道和np轨道能量差要比碳原子更大。

因此,硅宾中间体是单线态的,而卡宾却是三线态的。所以,当两个分子片相互作用形成双键时,两个硅宾单元反式倾斜结合成二硅烯,而两个卡宾单元平面结合成烯烃

制备

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二硅烯通常由1,2-二卤硅烷的还原,逆Diels-Alder反应英语Retro-Diels–Alder reaction分解,硅宾的双聚环硅烷的光解或甲硅基硅宾(RSiSiH3)的重排来制备。

在一项研究中[3],用石墨化钾催化进行1,1-二溴硅烷的分子内偶联制得了一种二硅烯。其中的硅硅双键键长为227皮米,是已知二硅烯中第二长的,X射线衍射表明取代基倾斜角在31度到33度之间。

Tricyclic Disilenes with Highly Strained Si-Si Double Bonds
Tricyclic Disilenes with Highly Strained Si-Si Double Bonds

此外,Si-Si键周围的取代基旋转了43度。这种二硅烯于110°C在二甲苯中加热发生异构化,生成四元环状化合物,并释放应变能

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ Snyder, Lawrence C.; Wasserman, Zelda R. Structure of the disilene ground state: singlet silylsilylene. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1979-07-31, 101 (18): 5222–5223. doi:10.1021/ja00512a018. 
  2. ^ West, R.; Fink, M. J.; Michl, J. Tetramesityldisilene, a Stable Compound Containing a Silicon-Silicon Double Bond Science 1981, Vol.214, Issue.4527 P1343.
  3. ^ Fused Tricyclic Disilenes with Highly Strained Si-Si Double Bonds: Addition of a Si-Si Single Bond to a Si-Si Double Bond Ryoji Tanaka, Takeaki Iwamoto, and Mitsuo Kira Angewandte Chemie International Edition Volume 45, Issue 38 , Pages 6371 - 6373 2006 doi:10.1002/anie.200602214
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二硅烯
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