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上同调运算

数学中,上同调运算自1950年代起称为代数拓扑,特别是同伦论的核心,其简单定义是:若F是定义上同调论的函子,则上同调运算应是F到自身的自然变换。自始至终有两个基本点:

  1. 运算可用组合方法研究;
  2. 运算效果是产生有趣的双交换子理论。

这些研究来自庞特里亚金、波斯尼科夫、诺曼·斯廷罗德等人的研究,他们首次定义了模2系数情形下奇异上同调的庞特里亚金平方、波斯尼科夫平方、斯廷罗德根运算。其中的组合方面是在上链层面上对自然对角映射失效的表述。运算的斯廷罗德代数的一般理论与对称群的一般理论密切相关。 亚当斯谱序列中,双交换子方面隐含在Ext函子、Hom函子的导出函子的使用中;若在斯廷罗德代数作用上存在双交换子性,也只是在导出的层面上。其趋同于稳定同伦论中的群,而关于稳定同伦论的信息却很难获得。这种联系使同伦论对上同调运算产生了浓厚兴趣,自此成为一个研究课题。非凡上同调论有自己的上同调运算,可能表现出更丰富的约束。

正式定义

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上同调运算是定义在CW复形上的函子

自然变换

与艾伦伯格–麦克莱恩空间的关系

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CW复形的上同调用艾伦伯格–麦克莱恩空间可表,因此由米田引理型上同调运算由同伦类映射给出。再次利用可表性,上同调运算由的一个元素给出。

表示AB的映射的同伦类集,

另见

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  • 二阶上同调运算

参考文献

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上同调运算
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