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三科

三科,又称三法佛教术语,是在阿毗达磨中对于一切法的分类方法之一。部派佛教论书中,将一切法分为三者,合称三科。

分类

部派佛教认为,释迦牟尼说法时,以五蕴十二处十八界等三种广略不同的说法来解说一切法[1]。其包括:

  1. 五蕴[2]
    1. 色蕴,总该五根五境等有形物质
    2. 受蕴,对境而承受事物之的作用。
    3. 想蕴,对境而想像事物之心的作用。
    4. 行蕴,其他对境关于嗔贪等善恶一切之心的作用。
    5. 识蕴,对境而了别识知事物之心的本体。
  2. 十二处:即六根(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意)和六境(色、声、香、味、触、法),为六种感官及其相对的客观对象。
  3. 十八界:即六根、六境以及由此而产生的六识(眼识、耳识、鼻识、舌识、身识、意识)。

三科的分类法,要求佛教僧众从这三方面来观察世界,旨在破除我执[3]

心经

玄奘法师译《心经》经文,与五蕴十二处十八界等三科相关的有:

  • “观自在菩萨,行深般若波罗蜜多时,照见五蕴皆空,度一切苦厄。……”(五蕴)
  • “色不异空,空不异色;色即是空,空即是色。受、想、行、识,亦复如是。……”(五蕴)
  • “是故空中无色,无受、想、行、识;无眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意;无色、声、香、味、触、法;无眼界,乃至无意识界……”(五蕴、十二处、十八界)

参考文献

  1. ^ 玄奘译《阿毘达磨大毘婆沙论》卷71:“问:佛为何等所化有情,说蕴处界,广略三法?答:佛随所化所愚而说。谓愚于界者,为说十八界,若愚于处者,为说十二处。若愚于蕴者,为说五蕴。……如是诸说虽各有义。然佛世尊于所知境,先作广说,后作略说。谓于所知境,先广说十八界,后即于此,略说为十二处。复即于此,除无为法,略说为五蕴,是名世尊广略说法。”
  2. ^ 增一阿含经》(卷二十七):“色如聚沫,受如浮泡,想如野马,行如芭蕉,识为幻法。”
  3. ^ 俱舍论》(卷一):“依愚之差别,为愚于心所者细别心所而说五蕴,为愚于色法者细别色法而说十二处,为愚于色、心二法者细别色、心二法而说十八界;依根之利钝,为利根者说五蕴,为中根者说十二处,为钝根者说十八界;依乐欲之不同,为欲略者说五蕴,为欲中者说十二处,为欲广者说十八界。即由三科观察人及世界,依愚夫迷悟之不同情况,破我执之谬,立无我之理。”

参见

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三科
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