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Antimetabolit

Lek metotreksat (desno) je antimetabolit koji ometa metabolizam folne kiseline (levo).

Antimetabolit je hemijsko jedinjenje koje inhibira korišćenje metabolita, hemijskih materija koje su deo normalnog metabolizma.[1] Takve supstance obično imaju sličnu strukturu sa metabolitom, na primer antifolati koji ometaju upotrebu folne kiseline. Prisustvo antimetabolita može da bude toksično za ćelije, jer zaustavlja ćelijski rast i ćelijsku deobu, tako da se ova jedinjenja koriste za hemoterapiju kancera.[2]

Antimetaboliti se mogu koristiti za tretiranje kancera,[3] jer oni mogu da ometaju produkciju DNK i stoga ćelijsku deobu i rast tumora. Ćelije kancera provode više vremena u deobi od drugih ćelija, iz kog razloga inhibiranje ćelijske deobe oštećuje ćelije tumora u većoj meri od drugih ćelija.

Antimetaboliti mogu da oponašaju purin (azatioprin, merkaptopurin) ili pirimidin, koji su gradivni blokovi DNK. Oni sprečavaju inkorporaciju gradivnih blokova u DNK molekul tokom S faze ćelijskog ciklusa, čime se zaustavlja normalno razviće i podela.[4] Oni mogu da uriču na RNK sintezu. Timidin se koristi u samo DNK (RNK sadrži uracil umesto njega), te inhibicija sinteze timidina putem timidilatne sintaze selektivno inhibira DNK sintezu.

Ovi lekovi su veoma efektivni, i nalaze široku primenu kao citostatici.

Antimetaboliti takođe mogu da budu antibiotici, npr. sulfanilamidni lekovi inhibiraju dihidrofolatnu sintezu kod bakterija tako što se nadmeću sa para-aminobenzojevom kiselinom.[5]

Glavni predstavnici ovih lekova su:

  1. ^ Smith, A. L. (1997). Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. str. 43. ISBN 978-0-19-854768-6. 
  2. ^ Peters GJ, van der Wilt CL, van Moorsel CJ, Kroep JR, Bergman AM, Ackland SP (2000). „Basis for effective combination cancer chemotherapy with antimetabolites”. Pharmacol. Ther. 87 (2–3): 227—53. PMID 11008002. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(00)00086-3. 
  3. ^ Antineoplastic+Antimetabolites на US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  4. ^ Takimoto CH, Calvo E. "Principles of Oncologic Pharmacotherapy" Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (15. мај 2009) in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (4. октобар 2013). 11 ed. 2008.
  5. ^ "The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action" (2nd edition), R. B. Silverman, 2004.

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Antimetabolit
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