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ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക ഉന്മൂലനത്താവളം .
Treblinka Concrete blocks marking the path of the former railway spur at Treblinka
Location of Treblinka in Poland.
Coordinates 52°37′51.85″N 22°3′11.01″E / 52.6310694°N 22.0530583°E / 52.6310694; 22.0530583 Known for Genocide during the Holocaust Location Near Treblinka, General Government (German-occupied Poland) Built by
Richard Thomalla (death camp)
Erwin Lambert (gas chambers)
Christian Wirth
Schönbronn Company, Leipzig
Schmidt–Münstermann, Warsaw branch
Operated by SS-Totenkopfverbände Original use Extermination camp First built April 1942 – July 1942 Operational 22 July 1942 – October 1943[ 3] Number of gas chambers 6 Inmates Jews, mostly Polish Number of inmates Est. 1,000 Sonderkommando Killed Est. 700,000–900,000 Liberated by Closed in late 1943 Notable inmates
Richard Glazar
Artur Gold
Janusz Korczak
Chil Rajchman
Jankiel Wiernik[ i]
Samuel Willenberg
Notable books
A Year in Treblinka
Into That Darkness
Old and New Memories
Revolt in Treblinka
Trap with a Green Fence
The Last Jew of Treblinka
രണ്ടാംലോകമഹായുദ്ധകാലത്ത് അധിനിവേശപോളണ്ടിൽ നാസിജർമനി നിർമ്മിച്ച് പ്രവർത്തിപ്പിച്ച ഒരു ഉന്മൂലനകേന്ദ്രമാണ് ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക (Treblinka). (ഉച്ചരിക്കുന്നത് [trɛˈblʲinka] )[ ii] വാഴ്സയ്ക്ക് വടക്കുകിഴക്കുമാറി ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക തീവണ്ടിനിലയത്തിൽ (ഇന്നത്തെ Masovian Voivodeship) നിന്നും 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) തെക്കായിട്ടായിരുന്നു ഈ ക്യാമ്പ് സ്ഥിതിചെയ്തിരുന്നത്. 1942 ജൂലൈ 23 മുതൽ 1943 ഒക്ടോബർ 19 വരെ ഓപറേഷൻ റീൻഹാർഡിന്റെ ഭാഗമായി അന്തിമപരിഹാരത്തിന്റെ ഏറ്റവും ക്രൂരമായ കാലഘട്ടത്തിലാണ് ഈ ക്യാമ്പ് നിലനിന്നിരുന്നത്.[ 3] ഇക്കാലത്ത് ഇവിടെ ഏതാണ്ട് 700,000 മുതൽ 900,000 വരെ ജൂതന്മാർ ഇവിടത്തെ ഗ്യാസ് ചേമ്പറിൽ കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ടു.[ 6] [ 7] അതോടൊപ്പം 2,000 റോമാനി ജനതയ്ക്കും ജീവൻ നഷ്ടമായി.[ 8] ഓഷ്വിറ്റ്സിനുശേഷം ഏറ്റവുമധികം ജൂതരെ കൂട്ടക്കൊല ചെയ്തത് ട്രെബ്ലിങ്കയിലാണ്.[ 9]
The Wannsee Conference , where the plans for Operation Reinhard and the Treblinka extermination camp were outlined, took place at this villa. Treblinka on the map of occupied Poland with Nazi extermination camps marked with black and white skulls. General Government territory: centre. Distrikt Galizien : lower–right. Provinz Oberschlesien with Auschwitz : lower–left. The Nazi-Soviet demarcation line splitting the Second Republic in two is marked in red – starting point for Operation Barbarossa of 1941. Official announcement of the founding of Treblinka I, the forced-labour camp Memorial at Treblinka II, with 17,000 quarry stones symbolising gravestones. Inscriptions indicate places of Holocaust train departures with at least 5,000 victims and selected ghettos from across Poland. The 1944 aerial photo of Treblinka II after "clean-up". The new farmhouse and livestock building are visible to the lower left.[ 10] The photograph is overlaid with outlines of already-dismantled structures (marked in red/orange). On the left are the SS and Hiwi guards living quarters (1) with barracks defined by the surrounding walkways. At the bottom (2) are the railway ramp and unloading platform (centre), marked with the red arrow. The "road to heaven" is marked with a dashed line. The undressing barracks for men and women, surrounded by a solid fence with no view of the outside, are marked with two rectangles. The location of the new, big gas chambers (3) is marked with a cross. The burial pits, dug with a crawler excavator, are in light yellow. Jews being loaded onto trains to Treblinka at the Warsaw Ghetto's Umschlagplatz , 1942 വിദേശികളായ ജൂതന്മാരും റൊമാനി ജനതയും[ തിരുത്തുക ] Standard Holocaust locomotive, DRB Class 52 Telegram to Berlin from the deputy commander of Aktion Reinhard, Hermann Höfle, 15 January 1943 listing the number of arrivals in the extermination camps, 1942 total. Camp Treblinka (T): 713,555 Jews Deportation of 10,000 Polish Jews to Treblinka during the liquidation of the ghetto in Siedlce beginning 23 August 1942[ 12] Stone memorial resembling one of the original cremation pits where the bodies were burned. It is a flat grave marker constructed of crushed and cemented black basalt symbolising burnt charcoal. The actual human ashes were mixed with sand and spread over 22,000 square metres (237,000 square feet). Members of SS-Totenkopfverbände from Treblinka (from left): Paul Bredow, Willi Mentz, Max Möller and Josef Hirtreiter പ്രമാണം:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0918-0201-001, KZ Treblinka, Lageplan (Zeichnung) II.jpg Sketch plan of Treblinka II produced during Stangl's 1967 trial in Germany. Missing from it are the swathes of land around cremation pits with burial trenches excavated by a mechanical digger (see aerial photo). Burning Treblinka II perimeter during the prisoner uprising, 2 August 1943. Barracks were set ablaze, including a tank of petrol which exploded setting fire to the surrounding structures. This clandestine photograph was taken by Franciszek Ząbecki. കലാപത്തിന്റെ ദിനവും രക്ഷപ്പെട്ടവരും[ തിരുത്തുക ] Survivor Samuel Willenberg presenting his drawings of Treblinka II in the Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom at the site of the camp. On the right, the "Lazaret" killing station. ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക 2 -ന്റെ പ്രവർത്തന നേതൃത്വം[ തിരുത്തുക ] Irmfried Eberl, the first commandant of Treblinka II, removed because of his alleged incompetence in running the camp പ്രമാണം:Stangl, Franz.jpg Franz Stangl, the second and longest-serving commandant of Treblinka II പ്രമാണം:Kurt Hubert Franz.jpg Kurt Franz, deputy commandant under Eberl and Stangl and the last commandant of Treblinka II Treblinka memorial (2005) The Holocaust "Güterwagen" wagon holding an average of 100 victims, occupied Poland കോടതികളിൽ പ്രദർശിപ്പിച്ചതും സത്യവാങ്മൂലങ്ങളും[ തിരുത്തുക ] Timeline of deportations to Treblinka during Grossaktion Warsaw, July 1942 to September 1942 (graph)
Estimate
Source
Notes
Year
Work[ 7]
at least 700,000
Helmut Krausnick
first West German estimate; used during trial of Kurt Franz
1965
[ 14]
at least 700,000
Adalbert Rückerl
Director of the Central Authority for Investigation into Nazi Crime in Ludwigsburg
N/A
at least 700,000
Joseph Billig
French historian
1973
700,000–800,000
Czesław Madajczyk
Polish historian
1970
700,000–900,000
Robin O’Neil
from Belzec: Stepping Stone to Genocide; Hitler's answer to the Jewish Question , published by JewishGen Yizkor Books Project
2008
[ 14]
713,555
Höfle Telegram
discovered in 2001; official Nazi estimate up to the end of 1942
1942
[ 16]
at least 750,000
Michael Berenbaum
from his encyclopedia entry on Treblinka
2012
Encyclopædia Britannica [ 9]
at least 750,000
Raul Hilberg
American Holocaust historian
1985
The Destruction of European Jews
780,000
Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz
Polish historian responsible for the first estimate of the death count based on 156 transports with 5,000 prisoners each, published in his monograph Obóz zagłady w Treblince
1947
780,863
Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk
cited by Timothy Snyder; combines Hölfe Telegram with undated German evidence from 1943
2004
at least 800,000
Treblinka camp museum
uses Franciszek Ząbecki's evidence and evidence from the ghettos
N/A
850,000
Yitzhak Arad
Israeli historian who estimates 763,000 deaths between July 1942 and April 1943 alone
1983
Treblinka, Hell and Revolt [ 19]
at least 850,000
Martin Gilbert
British historian
1993
870,000
Yad Vashem
Israel's Holocaust museum
N/A
[ 20]
870,000 to 925,000
United States Holocaust Museum
from "Treblinka: Chronology" article; excludes the deaths from forced labour in Treblinka I
N/A
[ 21]
876,000
Simon Wiesenthal Center
738,000 Jews from the General Government ; 107,000 from Bialystok; 29,000 Jews from elsewhere in Europe; and 2,000 Gypsies
N/A
at least 900,000
Wolfgang Scheffler
second West German estimate; used during trial of Franz Stangl
1970
912,000
Manfred Burba
German historian
2000
at least 1,200,000
Franciszek Ząbecki
Polish eyewitness
1977
Old and New Memories
1,297,000
Piotr Ząbecki
revision of Franciszek Ząbecki's estimate by his son Piotr
2013
He was a humble man [ 23]
1,582,000
Ryszard Czarkowski
Polish historian
1989
3,000,000
Vasily Grossman
Soviet reporter
1946
The Hell of Treblinka
Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal , pictured here in 1982, was responsible for hunting down Franz Stangl in Brazil. പ്രമാണം:Treblinka tile.jpg One of the tiles found during the archaeological dig, providing the first physical evidence for the existence of the gas chambers at Treblinka Operation Reinhard leadership and Treblinka commandants [ തിരുത്തുക ] For a more comprehensive list, see List of individuals responsible for Treblinka extermination camp .
Name
Rank
Function and Notes
Citation
Operation Reinhard leadership
Odilo Globocnik
SS-Hauptsturmführer and SS-Polizeiführer at the time (captain and SS Police Chief)
head of Operation Reinhard
[ 24]
Hermann Höfle
SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain)
coordinator of Operation Reinhard
Christian Wirth
SS-Hauptsturmführer at the time (captain)
inspector for Operation Reinhard
Richard Thomalla
SS-Obersturmführer at the time (first lieutenant)
head of death camp construction during Operation Reinhard
[ 24]
Erwin Lambert
SS-Unterscharführer (corporal)
head of gas chamber construction during Operation Reinhard (large gas chambers)
Treblinka commandants
Theodor van Eupen
SS-Sturmbannführer (major), Commandant of Treblinka I Arbeitslager , 15 November 1941 – July 1944 (cleanup)
head of the forced-labour camp
[ 30]
Irmfried Eberl
SS-Obersturmführer (first lieutenant), Commandant of Treblinka II , 11 July 1942 – 26 August 1942
transferred to Berlin due to incompetence
[ 24]
Franz Stangl
SS-Obersturmführer (first lieutenant), 2nd Commandant of Treblinka II , 1 September 1942 – August 1943
transferred to Treblinka from Sobibor extermination camp
[ 24]
Kurt Franz
SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant), last Commandant of Treblinka II , August (gassing) – November 1943
promoted from deputy commandant in August 1943 following camp prisoner revolt
[ 24]
Deputy commandants
Karl Pötzinger
SS-Oberscharführer (staff sergeant), Deputy commandant of Treblinka II
head of cremation
Heinrich Matthes
SS-Scharführer (sergeant), Deputy commandant
chief of the extermination area
[ 32]
↑ Yitzhak Arad gives his name as Jacob Wiernik.
↑ In literature, the term "Treblinka" refers to both the German forced-labour camp Treblinka I and the extermination camp Treblinka II; overwhelmingly the latter.
↑ 3.0 3.1 Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011 , പുറം. 125. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011 (help)
↑ Roca, Xavier (2010). "Comparative Efficacy of the Extermination Methods in Auschwitz and Operation Reinhard" (PDF) . Equip Revista HMiC (Història Moderna i Contemporània) . University of Barcelona. 8 . p. 204 (4/15 in current document).
↑ 7.0 7.1 Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011 , പുറം. 114. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKopówkaRytel-Andrianik2011 (help)
↑ Huttenbach, Henry R. (1991). "The Romani Porajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Europe's Gypsies". Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity . Routledge: 380–381. doi :10.1080/00905999108408209 .
↑ 9.0 9.1
↑ National Archives (2014), Aerial Photos , Washington, D.C., Made available at the Mapping Treblinka webpage by ARC.
↑ Statistical data: "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" Archived 2016-02-08 at the Wayback Machine . by Virtual Shtetl of the Museum of the History of the Polish Jews , as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon , (പോളിഷ്) and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters of ARC. Accessed 8 June 2014.
↑ 14.0 14.1 Roca, Xavier (2010). "Comparative Efficacy of the Extermination Methods in Auschwitz and Operation Reinhard" (PDF) . Revista HMiC, vol. VIII . Barcelona: Departament d'Història Moderna i Contemporània de la UAB. p. 202 (4/15 in current document). ISSN 1696-4403 . Direct download, 188 KB. Retrieved 7 August 2014 .
↑ ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: അസാധുവായ <ref>
ടാഗ്;
HöfleTelegram
എന്ന പേരിലെ അവലംബങ്ങൾക്ക് എഴുത്തൊന്നും നൽകിയിട്ടില്ല.
↑ Kenneth McVay; Yad Vashem. "The "Final Solution" " . Operation Reinhard: Extermination Camps of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka . The Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 29 July 2014 . The total number of victims killed in Treblinka was 850,000 (Yitzhak Arad, Treblinka, Hell and Revolt , Tel Aviv, 1983, pp 261–265.)
↑ "Treblinka" . Yad Vashem . Archived from the original on 2014-10-08. Retrieved 8 July 2014 .
↑ ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: അസാധുവായ <ref>
ടാഗ്;
USHMM
എന്ന പേരിലെ അവലംബങ്ങൾക്ക് എഴുത്തൊന്നും നൽകിയിട്ടില്ല.
↑ ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: അസാധുവായ <ref>
ടാഗ്;
Piotr
എന്ന പേരിലെ അവലംബങ്ങൾക്ക് എഴുത്തൊന്നും നൽകിയിട്ടില്ല.
↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Vanderwerff, Hans (22 July 2009), Extermination camp Treblinka , The Holocaust: Lest we forget, archived from the original on 17 May 2011, retrieved 10 January 2014
↑ Chodzko, Mieczyslaw (2010). Évadé de Treblinka . Editions Le Manuscrit. pp. 215–216. ISBN 2-304-23223-X . Retrieved 1 November 2013 .
↑ Various authors. "Excerpts from testimonies of Nazi SS-men at Treblinka: Stangl, Mentz, Franz & Matthes" . Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Source: Yitzhak Arad 1987; E. Klee, W. Dressen, V. Riess 1988 (The Good Old Days )
Timeline and List of individuals responsible
Camp organizers
Odilo Lotario Globocnik
Hermann Julius Höfle
Erwin Hermann Lambert
Richard Wolfgang Thomalla
Christian Wirth
Commandant
Irmfried Eberl
11 July to 26 August 1942
Franz Paul Stangl
1 September 1942 to August 1943
Kurt Hubert Franz
Deputies
Theodor van Eupen
Heinrich Arthur Matthes
Karl Pötzinger
Gas chamber executioners
Gustav Münzberger
Fritz Schmidt
Other officers
Max Biala
Paul Bredow
Herbert Floss
Erich Fritz Erhard Fuchs
Lorenz Hackenholt
Hans Hingst
Josef Hirtreiter
Otto Richard Horn
Kurt Küttner
Karl Emil Ludwig
Willy Mätzig
Willi Mentz
August Wilhelm Miete
Max Möller
Willi Post
Albert Franz Rum
Karl Schiffer
Otto Stadie
Ernst Stengelin
Franz Suchomel
Guards
"Ivan the Terrible"
John Demjanjuk a
Feodor Fedorenko
Nikolay Yegorovich Shalayev
"Trawnikis" a
Prominent victims
Ernst Arndt
Yitzchok Breiter
Amalia Carneri
Julian Chorążycki
Samuel Finkelstein
Artur Gold
Ludwik Holcman
Janusz Korczak
Berek Lajcher
Henryka Łazowertówna
Yechiel Lerer
Yitzchak Lowy
Simon Pullman
Natan Spigel
Symche Trachter
Zygmunt Zalcwasser
Lidia Zamenhof
Richard Glazar
Chil Rajchman
Sol Rosenberg
Kalman Taigman
Jankiel Wiernik
Samuel Willenberg
Franciszek Ząbecki
Nazi organizations
a Alleged
b Numbering 90 to 120
Main article
The Holocaust
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