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കാനിഡേ

Canines[1]
Temporal range: 39.75–0 Ma
PreꞒ
O
S
Late Eocene-Holocene
10 of the 12 extant canid genera left-to-right, top-to-bottom: Canis, Cuon, Lycaon, Cerdocyon, Chrysocyon, Speothos, Vulpes, Nyctereutes, Otocyon, and Urocyon
ശാസ്ത്രീയ വർഗ്ഗീകരണം e
Domain: Eukaryota
കിങ്ഡം: Animalia
Phylum: കോർഡേറ്റ
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Canidae
G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1817[2]
Genera and species

See text

നായകളും, ചെന്നായകളും, കൊയോട്ടികളും, കുറുക്കനും, കുറുനരിയും, ഡിങ്കോകളും കൂടാതെ നിരവധി നിലവിലുള്ളതും വംശനാശം സംഭവിച്ചതുമായ, നായകളെപ്പോലെയിരിക്കുന്ന സസ്തനികൾ അടങ്ങിയ ഒരു കുടുംബമാണ് കാനിഡേ (Canidae) /ˈkænɪd/ [3] (ലാറ്റിനിൽ കാനിസ് എന്നാൽ നായ എന്നർത്ഥം). ഈ കുടുംബത്തിലെ അംഗങ്ങളെ കാനിഡ് (canid) (/ˈkænɪd/, /ˈknɪd/) എന്നു വിളിക്കുന്നു.[4]

നാമകരണം

[തിരുത്തുക]

ഫൈലോജനിൿ ബന്ധങ്ങൾ

[തിരുത്തുക]
Indian wolf at Velavadar (Blackbuck National Park, Gujarat)

കാനിഡേയ്ക്കുള്ളിൽ, അലോസൈം, ക്രോമസോം വിശകലനങ്ങളുടെ ഫലങ്ങൾ മുമ്പ് നിരവധി ഫൈലോജെനെറ്റിക് ഡിവിഷനുകൾ നിർദ്ദേശിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്:

  1. The wolf-like canids (genus Canis, Cuon, and Lycaon) include the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), gray wolf (Canis lupus), red wolf (Canis rufus), eastern wolf (Canis lycaon), coyote (Canis latrans), Eurasian golden jackal (Canis aureus), African golden wolf (Canis anthus), Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), side-striped jackal (Canis adustus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus).[5]
  2. The fox-like canids include the kit fox (Vulpes velox), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Cape fox (Vulpes chama), Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), and fennec fox (Vulpes zerda).[5]
  3. The South American canids include the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), hoary fox (Lycalopex uetulus), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), and maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus).[5]
  4. Various monotypic taxa include the bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides).[5]

DNA analysis shows that the first three form monophyletic clades. The wolf-like canids and the South American canids together form the tribe Canini.[6] Molecular data imply a North American origin of living Canidae some 10 Mya and an African origin of wolf-like canines (Canis, Cuon, and Lycaon), with the jackals being the most basal of this group. The South American clade is rooted by the maned wolf and bush dog, and the fox-like canids by the fennec fox and Blanford's fox. The gray fox and island fox are basal to the other clades; however, this topological difference is not strongly supported.[7]

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005),[7] modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis,[8] Vulpes,[9] Lycalopex,[10] and Dusicyon[11] species.


Canidae
Canini
Canina

Canis lupus familiaris (domestic dog)

Canis lupus (gray wolf)

Canis latrans (coyote)

Canis anthus (African golden wolf)

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf)

Canis aureus (Eurasian golden jackal)

Cuon alpinus (dhole or Asiatic wild dog)

Lycaon pictus (African wild dog)

Canis mesomelas (black-backed jackal)

Canis adustus (side-striped jackal)

Cerdocyonina

Speothos venaticus (bush dog)

Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf)

Dusicyon australis (Falkland Islands wolf)

Lycalopex

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox)

Lycalopex sechurae (Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)

Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)

Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox)

Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox or chilla)

Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo or Andean fox)

Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox)

Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog)

Vulpini

Otocyon megalotis (bat-eared fox)

Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog)

Vulpes

Vulpes zerda (fennec fox)

Vulpes cana (Blanford's fox)

Vulpes chama (Cape fox)

Vulpes vulpes (red fox)

Vulpes rueppellii (Ruppell's fox)

Vulpes corsac (corsac fox)

Vulpes ferrilata (Tibetan sand fox)

Vulpes macrotis (Kit fox)

Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox)

Urocyon

Urocyon littoralis (island fox) പ്രമാണം:Vulpes littoralis transparent background.png

Urocyon cinereoargenteus (gray fox)

പരിണാമം

[തിരുത്തുക]
Diagram of a wolf skull with key features labelled
പ്രമാണം:Lupocranio.jpg
Eurasian wolf skull



Gray wolves and red foxes mating
A feral dog from Sri Lanka nursing her puppies
Traditional English fox hunt

നിലവിലുള്ളതും സമീപകാലത്ത് വംശനാശം സംഭവിച്ച സ്പീഷിസുകളും

[തിരുത്തുക]
The genus Canis: gray wolf, coyote, African golden wolf, Ethiopian wolf, golden jackal, black-backed jackal and side-striped jackal
The genus Lycalopex: culpeo, pampas fox, chilla and Darwin's fox
The genus Vulpes: red fox, Rüppell's fox, corsac fox, Bengal fox, Arctic fox, Blanford's fox, Cape fox and fennec fox
Dhole
African wild dog
Short-eared dog
Maned wolf
Bush dog
Gray fox
Bat-eared fox
Raccoon dog

All extant species of family Canidae are in subfamily Caninae.

Subfamily Caninae

[തിരുത്തുക]
  • True dogs – Tribe Canini
    • Genus Canis (see also List of Canis species and subspecies which also includes some varieties)
      • Gray wolf, Canis lupus (2.723 Mya to present)
        • Domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris
        • Dingo, most often classified as Canis lupus dingo
        • Many other subspecies
      • Red wolf, Canis rufus (sometimes considered a subspecies of the gray wolf, but including several subtaxa of its own, including the Florida black wolf)
      • Eastern wolf, Canis lycaon
      • Coyote, Canis latrans (also called prairie wolf and brush wolf)
      • Dire wolf, Canis dirus (0.25 mya)
      • African golden wolf, Canis anthus
      • Golden jackal, Canis aureus
      • Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis (also called Abyssinian red jackal, Simien fox and Simien jackal)
      • Side-striped jackal, Canis adustus
      • Black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas (also called silver-backed jackal)
    • Genus Cuon
      • Dhole, Cuon alpinus or Canis alpinus (also called Asiatic wild dog)
    • Genus Cynotherium
      • Sardinian dhole, Cynotherium sardous
    • Genus Lycaon
      • African wild dog, Lycaon pictus (also called African hunting dog)
    • Genus Atelocynus
      • Short-eared dog, Atelocynus microtis
    • Genus Cerdocyon
      • Crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous
    • Genus Dusicyon
      • Falkland Islands wolf, Dusicyon australis
      • Dusicyon avus
    • Genus Lycalopex (Pseudalopex)
      • Culpeo, Lycalopex culpaeus
        • Fuegian dog, Lycalopex culpaeus domesticus
      • Darwin's fox, Lycalopex fulvipes
      • South American gray fox, Lycalopex griseus
      • Pampas fox, Lycalopex gymnocercus
      • Sechuran fox, Lycalopex sechurae
      • Hoary fox, Lycalopex vetulus
    • Genus Chrysocyon
      • Maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus
    • Genus Speothos
      • Bush dog, Speothos venaticus
  • True foxes – Tribe Vulpini
    • Genus Vulpes
      • Arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus
      • Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (1 Mya to present)
        • Domesticated red fox, Vulpes vulpes amicus
      • Swift fox, Vulpes velox
      • Kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
      • Corsac fox, Vulpes corsac
      • Cape fox, Vulpes chama
      • Pale fox, Vulpes pallida
      • Bengal fox, Vulpes bengalensis
      • Tibetan sand fox, Vulpes ferrilata
      • Blanford's fox, Vulpes cana
      • Rüppell's fox, Vulpes rueppelli
      • Fennec fox, Vulpes zerda
    • Genus Nyctereutes
      • Raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides
    • Genus Otocyon
      • Bat-eared fox, Otocyon megalotis
  • Genus Urocyon (2 Mya to present)
      • Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
      • Island fox, Urocyon littoralis
      • Cozumel fox, Urocyon sp.
Fluctuation of species within Canidae over 40 million years

Prehistoric Canidae

[തിരുത്തുക]

Except where otherwise stated, the following classification is based on a 1994 paper by Xiaoming Wang, curator of terrestrial mammals at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County on the systematics of the subfamily Hesperocyoninae,[12] a 1999 paper by Wang, together with the zoologists Richard H. Tedford and Beryl E. Taylor on the subfamily Borophaginae,[13] and a 2009 paper by Tedford, Wang and Taylor on the North American fossil Caninae.[14]

Subfamily Caninae

[തിരുത്തുക]
Restoration of C. arnensis
Restoration of C. etruscus
Restoration of C. othmani
  • Genus Cynodictis
  • Genus Gobicyon
  • Genus Protemnocyon
  • Tribe Canini[14]
    • Genus Canis
      • Canis adoxus
      • Canis ameghinoi
      • Canis apolloniensis (1.1 Mya)
      • Canis armbrusteri (1.5 Mya)
      • Canis arnensis (1.9-1.6 Mya)
      • Canis cautleyi
      • Canis cedazoensis (4.6 Mya)
      • Canis dirus (0.125-0.009 Mya)
      • Canis donnezani (4.0–3.1 Mya)
      • Canis edwardii (4.6 Mya)
      • Canis (Eucyon) cipio (8.2 Mya)
      • Canis etruscus (1.9-1.6 Mya)
      • Canis ferox (5 Mya)
      • Canis gezi
      • Canis lepophagus (8 Mya)
      • Canis michauxi
      • Canis othmani
      • Canis mosbachensis (0.5 Mya)
      • Canis nehringi
      • Canis variabilis (0.5 Mya)
    • Genus Theriodictis (1.19 Mya)
      • Theriodictis platensis (1.8 Mya)
      • Theriodictis tarijensis (1.8 Mya)
      • Theriodictis (Canis) proplatensis (2.1 Mya)
    • Genus Protocyon
      • Protocyon orcesi
      • Protocyon scagliarum
      • Protocyon troglodytes
    • Genus Cerdocyon
      • Cerdocyon avius
      • Cerdocyon ensenadensis
    • Genus Speothos
      • Speothos pacivorus
    • Genus Nurocyon
      • Nurocyon chonokhariensis
    • Genus Xenocyon
      • Xenocyon falconeri (1.9-1.6 Mya)
      • Xenocyon lycaonoides (1.69 Mya)
  • Tribe Vulpini
    • Genus Vulpes (7 Mya to present)
      • Vulpes alopecoides (2.6 Mya)
      • Vulpes cf. alopecoides (2.6 Mya)
      • Vulpes cf. vulpes (0.1275 Mya)
      • Vulpes galaticus (4.2 Mya)
      • Vulpes riffautae (7 Mya)
  • Basal Caninae
    • Genus Nyctereutes (7.1 Mya to present)
      • Nyctereutes cf. donnezani (7.1 Mya)
      • Nyctereutes cf. megamastoides (3.158 Mya)
      • Nyctereutes donnezani (3.4 Mya)
      • Nyctereutes megamostoides (2.6 Mya)
      • Nyctereutes sinensis (3.4 Mya)
  • First Caninae
    • Genus Eucyon (8 Mya)
      • Eucyon davisi (8.3 Mya , probably the ancestor of Canis)
      • Eucyon minor (8 Mya )
      • Eucyon zhoui (8 Mya )
      • Eucyon monticinensis (8 Mya )
      • Eucyon odessanus
    • Genus Leptocyon (24–16 Mya)
      • Leptocyon vafer (16 Mya )
      • Leptocyon vulpinus (24 Mya )

Subfamily Borophaginae

[തിരുത്തുക]
  • Genus Archaeocyon (7 Mya)
    • Archaeocyon falkenbachi (10.2 Mya)
    • Archaeocyon leptodus (7 Mya)
    • Archaeocyon pavidus (7 Mya)
  • Genus Otarocyon (7.6 Mya)
    • Otarocyon cooki (4.5 Mya)
    • Otarocyon macdonaldi (0.6 Mya)
  • Genus Oxetocyon (2.5 Mya)
    • Oxetocyon cuspidatus (2.5 Mya)
  • Genus Rhizocyon (30 Mya)
    • Rhizocyon oregonensis (30 Mya)
  • Tribe Phlaocyonini (27.2 Mya)
    • Genus Cynarctoides (16.7 Mya)
      • Cynarctoides acridens (11 Mya)
      • Cynarctoides emryi (4 Mya)
      • Cynarctoides gawnae (4 Mya)
      • Cynarctoides harlowi (4 Mya)
      • Cynarctoides lemur (30 Mya)
      • Cynarctoides luskensis (4.2 Mya)
      • Cynarctoides roii (4.5 Mya)
    • Genus Phlaocyon (30–19 Mya)
      • Phlaocyon achoros
      • Phlaocyon annectens (22 Mya)
      • Phlaocyon latidens (30 Mya)
      • Phlaocyon leucosteus (22 Mya)
      • Phlaocyon mariae
      • Phlaocyon marslandensis (19 Mya)
      • Phlaocyon minor (30 Mya)
      • Phlaocyon multicuspus
      • Phlaocyon taylori[15]
      • Phlaocyon yakolai (19 Mya)
  • Tribe Borophagini (16.7 Mya)
    • Genus Cormocyon (10.2 Mya)
    • Genus Desmocyon (9 Mya)
      • Desmocyon matthewi (4.3 Mya)
      • Desmocyon thompsoni
    • Genus Metatomarctus (4.3 Mya)
      • Metatomarctus canavus (4.3 Mya)
      • Metatomarctus sp. A (16 Mya)
      • Metatomarctus sp. B (16 Mya)
    • Genus Euoplocyon (18–16 Mya)
      • Euoplocyon brachygnathus (16 Mya)
      • Euoplocyon spissidens (18 Mya)
    • Genus Psalidocyon (16 Mya)
      • Psalidocyon marianae (16 Mya)
    • Genus Microtomarctus (4 Mya)
    • Genus Protomarctus (18 Mya)
      • Protomarctus optatus (18 Mya)
    • Genus Tephrocyon (16 Mya)
      • Tephrocyon rurestris (16 Mya)
    • Subtribe Cynarctina
      • Genus Paracynarctus (6.7 Mya)
        • Paracynarctus kelloggi (6.7 Mya)
        • Paracynarctus sinclairi (7 Mya)
      • Genus Cynarctus (5.6 Mya)
        • Cynarctus crucidens (1.3 Mya)
        • Cynarctus galushai (2.7 Mya)
        • Cynarctus marylandica (2.3 Mya)
        • Cynarctus saxatilis (2.7 Mya)
        • Cynarctus voorhiesi (3.3 Mya)
        • Cynarctus wangi (1 Mya) [16]
    • Subtribe Aelurodontina (15 Mya)
      • Genus Tomarctus (7 Mya)
        • Tomarctus brevirostris (6.8 Mya)
        • Tomarctus hippophaga (7 Mya)
      • Genus Aelurodon (15.7 Mya)
        • Aelurodon asthenostylus (7 Mya)
        • Aelurodon ferox (6 Mya)
        • Aelurodon mcgrewi (2.7 Mya)
        • Aelurodon montanensis (2.7 Mya) [17]
        • Aelurodon stirtoni (6 Mya)
        • Aelurodon taxoides (8.3 Mya)
    • Subtribe Borophagina (17 Mya)
      • Genus Paratomarctus (6 Mya)
        • Paratomarctus euthos (13 Mya)
        • Paratomarctus temerarius (16 Mya)
      • Genus Carpocyon (19.7 Mya)
        • Carpocyon compressus (2.7 Mya)
        • Carpocyon limosus (5 Mya)
        • Carpocyon robustus (3.3 Mya)
        • Carpocyon webbi (6 Mya)
      • Genus Protepicyon (16 Mya)
        • Protepicyon raki (16 Mya)
      • Genus Epicyon (2 Mya)
        • Epicyon aelurodontoides (5.4 Mya)
        • Epicyon haydeni (5.4 Mya)
        • Epicyon saevus (11.4 Mya)
      • Genus Borophagus (7 Mya)
        • Borophagus diversidens (5 Mya)
        • Borophagus dudleyi (1.7 Mya)
        • Borophagus hilli (6.7 Mya)
        • Borophagus littoralis (0.6 Mya)
        • Borophagus orc (0.4 Mya)
        • Borophagus parvus (5.4 Mya)
        • Borophagus pugnator (8.3 Mya)
        • Borophagus secundus (8.3 Mya)

Subfamily Hesperocyoninae

[തിരുത്തുക]

(Mya = million years ago)

  • Genus Cynodesmus (32–29 Mya)
    • Cynodesmus martini (29 Mya)
    • Cynodesmus thooides (32 Mya)
  • ?Genus Caedocyon
    • Caedocyon tedfordi
  • Genus Ectopocynus (32–19 Mya)
    • Ectopocynus antiquus (32 Mya)
    • Ectopocynus intermedius (29 Mya)
    • Ectopocynus siplicidens (19 Mya)
  • Genus Enhydrocyon (29–25 Mya)
    • Enhydrocyon basilatus (25 Mya)
    • Enhydrocyon crassidens (25 Mya)
    • Enhydrocyon pahinsintewkpa (29 Mya)
    • Enhydrocyon stenocephalus (29 Mya)
  • Genus Hesperocyon (39.74–34 Mya)
    • Hesperocyon coloradensis
    • Hesperocyon gregarius (37 Mya)
  • Genus Mesocyon (34–29 Mya)
    • Mesocyon brachyops (29 Mya)
    • Mesocyon coryphaeus (29 Mya)
    • Mesocyn temnodon
  • Genus Osbornodon (32–18 Mya)
    • Osbornodon brachypus
    • Osbornodon fricki (18 Mya)
    • Osbornodon iamonensis (21 Mya)
    • Osbornodon renjiei (33 Mya)
    • Osbornodon scitulus[18]
    • Osbornodon sesnoni (32 Mya)
    • Osbornodon wangi[15]
  • Genus Paraenhydrocyon (30–25 Mya)
    • Paraenhydrocyon josephi (30 Mya)
    • Paraenhydrocyon robustus (25 Mya)
  • Genus Philotrox (29 Mya)
    • Philotrox condoni (29 Mya)
  • Genus Prohesperocyon (36 Mya)
    • Prohesperocyon wilsoni (36 Mya)
  • Genus Sunkahetanka (29 Mya)
    • Sunkahetanka geringensis (29 Mya)

ഇവയും കാണുക

[തിരുത്തുക]
  • Canid hybrid
  • Free-ranging dog

അവലംബം

[തിരുത്തുക]
  1. Wozencraft, W. C. (2005 നവംബർ 16). Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds) (ed.). Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. ((cite book)): |edition= has extra text (help); |editor= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  2. Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1817. Adversaria zoological. Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow) 5:368–428. p372
  3. Canidae. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Canidae (accessed: February 16, 2009).
  4. Canid Merriam-Webster.com. Canid definition Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2014-05-27
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (#6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.
  6. Jensen, Per (2007). The Behavioural Biology of Dogs. CABI. pp. 11–13. ISBN 978-1-84593-188-9.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; Clamp, Michele; Chang, Jean L.; Kulbokas, Edward J.; Zody, Michael C.; Mauceli, Evan; Xie, Xiaohui; Breen, Matthew; Wayne, Robert K.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Ponting, Chris P.; Galibert, Francis; Smith, Douglas R.; Dejong, Pieter J.; Kirkness, Ewen; Alvarez, Pablo; Biagi, Tara; Brockman, William; Butler, Jonathan; Chin, Chee-Wye; Cook, April; Cuff, James; Daly, Mark J.; Decaprio, David; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (#7069): 803 in 803–19. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
  8. Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; Schweizer, Rena M.; Thalmann, Olaf; Silva, Pedro; Fan, Zhenxin; Yurchenko, Andrey A.; Dobrynin, Pavel; Makunin, Alexey; Cahill, James A.; Shapiro, Beth; Álvares, Francisco; Brito, José C.; Geffen, Eli; Leonard, Jennifer A.; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Johnson, Warren E.; o'Brien, Stephen J.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (2015). "Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species". Current Biology. 25 (#16): 2158–65. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
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  10. Tchaicka, Ligia; Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena de; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; Novaro, Andres; Geffen, Eli; Garcez, Fabricio Silva; Johnson, Warren E.; Wayne, Robert K.; Eizirik, Eduardo (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (#3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189.
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ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "britannica" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "cherin2013" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "freedman2014" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "germonpre2009" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "giemsch2015" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "larson2012" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "larson2014" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "miklosi2015" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "perri2016" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "sansalone2015" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "tedford2009" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "thalmann2013" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "wang2008" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.

ഉദ്ധരിച്ചതിൽ പിഴവ്: <ref> റ്റാഗ് "wroe2005" എന്ന പേരോടെ <references> എന്നതിൽ നിർവചിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും ആദ്യ എഴുത്തിൽ ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നില്ല.
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