User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/List of rulers of Turkey
Hattians (c. 8300 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]Purushanda (c. 2500 – c. 1556 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Anatolian III (EA III) period (c. 2500 – c. 2283 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Hatti (reign: c. 2500 – c. 2283 BCE) | ||||
| Land of Purushanda (r. c. 2500 – c. 2283 BCE) | ||||
| Nur-Dagan | r. c. 2400 – c. 2283 BCE (≈117 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Akkadian period (c. 2283 – c. 2280 BCE) | ||||
| Akkadian empire (r. c. 2283 – c. 2280 BCE) | ||||
| Sargonic dynasty (r. c. 2283 – c. 2280 BCE) | ||||
|
Sargon | r. c. 2283 – c. 2280 BCE (3 years) |
Son of La'ibum | |
| Early Hittite period (c. 1745 – c. 1650 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Kussara (r. c. 1745 – c. 1650 BCE) | ||||
| Kussaran dynasty (r. c. 1745 – c. 1650 BCE) | ||||
|
Anitta | r. c. 1745 – c. 1720 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Pithana | |
| Zuzzu | r. c. 1720 – c. 1710 BCE (≈10 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Tudhaliya I | r. c. 1710 – c. 1680 BCE (≈30 years) | |||
| PU-Sarruma | r. c. 1680 BCE (≈1 year) |
Son of Tudhaliya I | ||
|
Labarna I | r. c. 1680 – c. 1650 BCE (≈30 years) |
Son-in-law of PU-Sarruma | |
| Old Hittite period (c. 1650 – c. 1556 BCE) | ||||
| Old Hittite kingdom (r. c. 1650 – c. 1556 BCE) | ||||
| Kussaran dynasty (r. c. 1650 – c. 1556 BCE) | ||||
| Labarna II | r. c. 1650 – c. 1620 BCE (≈30 years) |
Nephew of the wife of Labarna I | ||
| Mursili I | r. c. 1620 – c. 1590 BCE (≈30 years) |
Grandson of Labarna II | ||
| Hantili I | r. c. 1590 – c. 1560 BCE (≈30 years) |
Brother-in-law of Mursili I | ||
| Zidanta I | r. c. 1560 – c. 1556 BCE (≈4 years) |
Son-in-law of Hantili I | ||
Kussara (c. 2500 – c. 1720 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Anatolian III (EA III) period (c. 2500 – c. 2255 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Hatti (r. c. 2500 – c. 2255 BCE) | ||||
| Land of Kussara (r. c. 2500 – c. 2255 BCE) | ||||
| Pamba | r. c. 2350 – c. 2255 BCE (≈95 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Akkadian period (c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE) | ||||
| Akkadian empire (r. c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE) | ||||
| Sargonic dynasty (r. c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE) | ||||
.jpg){kind=small}
|
Naram-Suen | r. c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE (36 years) |
Son of Manishtushu | |
| Early Hittite period (c. 1750 – c. 1720 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Kussara (r. c. 1750 – c. 1720 BCE) | ||||
| Kussaran dynasty (r. c. 1750 – c. 1720 BCE) | ||||
| Pithana | r. c. 1750 – c. 1745 BCE (≈5 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
|
|
Anitta | r. c. 1745 – c. 1720 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Pithana | |
Zalpuwa (c. 1833 – c. 1720 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Zalpuwa (r. c. 1833 – c. 1745 BCE) | ||||
| Dynasty of Zalpuwa (r. c. 1833 – c. 1745 BCE) | ||||
| Uḫna | r. c. 1833 – c. 1750 BCE (≈83 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Huzziya | r. c. 1750 – c. 1745 BCE (≈5 years) | |||
| Early Hittite period (c. 1745 – c. 1720 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Kussara (r. c. 1745 – c. 1720 BCE) | ||||
| Kussaran dynasty (r. c. 1745 – c. 1720 BCE) | ||||
|
|
Anitta | r. c. 1745 – c. 1720 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Pithana | |
Sanahuitta (c. 1680 – c. 1620 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Hittite period (c. 1680 – c. 1660 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Kussara (r. c. 1680 – c. 1660 BCE) | ||||
| Kussaran dynasty (r. c. 1680 – c. 1660 BCE) | ||||
|
|
Labarna I | r. c. 1680 – c. 1670 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son-in-law of PU-Sarruma | |
| Unknowm | r. c. 1670 – c. 1660 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son of Labarna I | ||
| Early Hittite period (c. 1660 – c. 1647 BCE) | ||||
| City-state of Sanahuitta (r. c. 1660 – c. 1647 BCE) | ||||
| Sanahuitta dynasty (r. c. 1660 – c. 1647 BCE) | ||||
| Papahdilmah | r. c. 1660 – c. 1650 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son of PU-Sarruma | ||
| Unknowm | r. c. 1650 – c. 1647 BCE (≈3 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Old Hittite period (c. 1647 – c. 1620 BCE) | ||||
| Old Hittite kingdom (r. c. 1647 – c. 1620 BCE) | ||||
| Kussaran dynasty (r. c. 1647 – c. 1620 BCE) | ||||
| Labarna II | r. c. 1647 – c. 1620 BCE (≈27 years) |
Nephew of the wife of Labarna I | ||
Assyrians (c. 2600 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]Nesha (c. 2500 – c. 837 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Anatolian III (EA III) period (c. 2500 – c. 2255 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Hatti (r. c. 2500 – c. 2255 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Kanesh (r. c. 2500 – c. 2255 BCE) | ||||
| Zipani | r. c. 2350 – c. 2255 BCE (≈95 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Akkadian period (c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE) | ||||
| Akkadian empire (r. c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE) | ||||
| Sargonic dynasty (r. c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE) | ||||
|
|
Naram-Suen | r. c. 2255 – c. 2218 BCE (36 years) |
Son of Manishtushu | |
| Old Assyrian period (c. 2025 – c. 1973 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Assur (r. c. 2025 – c. 1973 BCE) | ||||
| Puzur-Ashur dynasty (r. c. 2025 – c. 1973 BCE) | ||||
| Puzur-Ashur I | r. c. 2025 – c. 2005 BCE (≈20 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Shalim-ahum | r. c. 2005 – c. 1990 BCE (≈15 years) |
Son of Puzur-Ashur I | ||
| Ilu-shuma | r. c. 1990 – c. 1975 BCE (≈15 years) |
Son of Shalim-ahum | ||
| Karum period (c. 1973 – c. 1833 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Assur (r. c. 1973 – c. 1833 BCE) | ||||
| Puzur-Ashur dynasty (r. c. 1973 – c. 1833 BCE) | ||||
|
Erishum I | r. c. 1975 – c. 1935 BCE (40 years) |
Son of Ilu-shuma | |
| Ikunum | r. c. 1934 – c. 1920 BCE (14 years) |
Son of Erishum I | ||
|
Sargon I | r. c. 1920 – c. 1880 BCE (40 years) |
Son of Ikunum | |
| Puzur-Ashur II | r. c. 1880 – c. 1872 BCE (8 years) |
Son of Sargon I | ||
|
Naram-Suen | r. c. 1872 – c. 1833 BCE (≈39 years) |
Son of Puzur-Ashur II | |
| Kingdom of Zalpuwa (r. c. 1833 BCE) | ||||
| Dynasty of Zalpuwa (r. c. 1833 BCE) | ||||
| Uḫna | r. c. 1833 BCE (≈1 year) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Kingdom of Eshnunna (r. c. 1832 – c. 1809 BCE) | ||||
| Naram-Suen | r. c. 1832 – c. 1809 BCE (≈23 years) |
Son of Ipiq-Adad II | ||
| Shamshi-Adad dynasty (r. c. 1809 – c. 1798 BCE) | ||||
|
Shamshi-Adad I | r. c. 1809 – c. 1800 BCE (≈9 years) |
Son of Ila-kabkabu | |
| Ishme-Dagan I | r. c. 1800 – c. 1798 BCE (≈2 years) |
Son of Shamshi-Adad I | ||
| Kingdom of Nesha (r. c. 1798 – c. 1750 BCE) | ||||
| Ḫurmili | r. c. 1798 – c. 1790 BCE (≈8 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Paḫanu | r. c. 1790 BCE (≈1 year) | |||
| Inar | r. c. 1790 – c. 1775 BCE (≈15 years) | |||
| Waršama | r. c. 1775 – c. 1750 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| First dynasty of Babylon (r. c. 1750 BCE) | ||||
|
Hammurabi | r. c. 1750 BCE (≈1 year) |
Son of Suen-Muballit | |
| Kingdom of Kussara (r. c. 1750 – c. 1650 BCE) | ||||
| Pithana | r. c. 1750 – c. 1740 BCE (≈10 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
|
|
Anitta | r. c. 1740 – c. 1725 BCE (≈15 years) |
Son of Pithana | |
| Kingdom of Tabal (r. c. 837 – c. 640 BCE) | ||||
| Tuwati I | r. c. 837 – c. 837 BCE (≈10 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Kikki | r. c. 837 – c. 837 BCE (≈15 years) |
Son of Tuwati I | ||
Hittites (c. 2100 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]Hattusa (c. 1800 – c. 1190 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Hittite period (c. 1800 – c. 1740 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Hatti (r. c. 1800 – c. 1740 BCE) | ||||
| Dynasty of Hattusa (r. c. 1800 – c. 1740 BCE) | ||||
| Piyusti | r. c. 1800 – c. 1740 BCE (≈60 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Kussaran dynasty (r. c. 1740 – c. 1190 BCE) | ||||
|
|
Anitta | r. c. 1740 – c. 1725 BCE (≈15 years) |
Son of Pithana | |
| Tudhaliya I | r. c. 1725 – c. 1710 BCE (≈15 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| PU-Sarruma | r. c. 1710 – c. 1680 BCE (≈30 years) |
Son of Tudhaliya I | ||
|
|
Labarna I | r. c. 1680 – c. 1670 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son of PU-Sarruma | |
| Labarna II (?) | r. c. 1670 – c. 1650 BCE (≈20 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Old Hittite Kingdom (r. c. 1650 – c. 1500 BCE) | ||||
| Hattusili I | r. c. 1650 – c. 1620 BCE (≈30 years) |
Nephew of the wife of Labarna | ||
| Mursili I | r. c. 1620 – c. 1590 BCE (≈30 years) |
Grandson of Hattusili I | ||
| Hantili I | r. c. 1590 – c. 1560 BCE (≈30 years) |
Brother-in-law of Mursili I | ||
| Zidanta I | r. c. 1560 – c. 1550 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son-in-law of Hantili I | ||
| Ammuna | r. c. 1550 – c. 1530 BCE (≈20 years) |
Son of Zidanta I | ||
| Huzziya I | r. c. 1530 – c. 1525 BCE (≈5 years) |
Son of Ammuna (?) | ||
| Telipinu | r. c. 1525 – c. 1500 BCE (≈25 years) |
Brother-in-law of Huzziya I | ||
| Middle Hittite Kingdom (r. c. 1500 – c. 1440 BCE) | ||||
| Alluwamna | r. c. 1500 – c. 1490 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son-in-law of Telipinu | ||
| Tahurwaili | r. c. 1490 – c. 1480 BCE (≈10 years) |
Cousin of Telipinu | ||
|
Hantili II | r. c. 1480 – c. 1470 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son of Alluwamna | |
| Zidanta II | r. c. 1470 – c. 1460 BCE (≈10 years) |
Nephew of Hantili II (?) | ||
| Huzziya II | r. c. 1460 – c. 1450 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son of Zidanta II (?) | ||
| Muwatalli I | r. c. 1450 – c. 1440 BCE (≈10 years) |
Brother of Huzziya II (?) | ||
| New Hittite Kingdom (r. c. 1440 – c. 1190 BCE) | ||||
| Hattusili II | r. c. 1440 – c. 1430 BCE (≈10 years) |
Unclear succcession | ||
| Tudhaliya II | r. c. 1430 – c. 1390 BCE (≈40 years) |
Grandson of Huzziya II (?) | ||
|
Arnuwanda I | r. c. 1390 – c. 1380 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son-in-law of Tudhaliya II | |
| Tudhaliya III | r. c. 1380 – c. 1370 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son of Arnuwanda I | ||
|
Tudhaliya IV (?) | r. c. 1370 BCE (≈1 year) |
Son of Tudhaliya III | |
|
Suppiluliuma I | r. c. 1370 – c. 1330 BCE (≈40 years) |
Son or son-in-law of Tudhaliya IV | |
| Arnuwanda II | r. c. 1330 BCE (≈1 year) |
Sons of Suppiluliuma I | ||
|
Mursili II | r. c. 1330 – c. 1295 BCE (≈35 years) | ||
|
Muwatalli II | r. c. 1295 – c. 1282 BCE (≈13 years) |
Son of Mursili II | |
|
Mursili III | r. c. 1282 – c. 1275 BCE (≈7 years) |
Son of Muwatalli II | |
|
Hattusili III | r. c. 1275 – c. 1245 BCE (≈30 years) |
Son of Mursili II | |
|
Tudhaliya V | r. c. 1245 – c. 1215 BCE (≈30 years) |
Son of Hattusili III | |
|
Kurunta | r. c. 1236 – c. 1235 BCE (1 year) |
Son of Muwatalli II | |
| Arnuwanda III | r. c. 1215 – c. 1210 BCE (≈5 years) |
Sons of Tudhaliya V | ||
|
Suppiluliuma II | r. c. 1210 – c. 1190 BCE (≈20 years) | ||
Tarhuntassa (c. 1295 – c. 1215 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tarhuntassa (r. c. 1295 – c. 1215 BCE) | ||||
| Ulmi-Tessup | r. c. 1295 – c. 1282 BCE (≈13 years) |
Son of Muwatalli II (?) | ||
| Hartapu | r. c. 1282 – c. 1275 BCE (≈7 years) |
Son of Mursili III (?) | ||
|
|
Kurunta | r. c. 1275 – c. 1215 BCE (≈60 years) |
Son of Muwatalli II | |
Seha River Land (c. 1339 – c. 1200 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seha River Land (r. c. 1339 – c. 1200 BCE) | ||||
| Muwa-Walwis | r. c. 1339 – c. 1323 BCE (≈16 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Manapa-Tarhunta | r. c. 1323 – c. 1308 BCE (≈15 years) |
Son of Muwa-Walwis | ||
| Ura-Tarhunta | r. c. 1308 – c. 1295 BCE (≈13 years) |
Brother of Manapa-Tarhunta | ||
| Manapa-Tarhunta | r. c. 1295 – c. 1282 BCE (≈13 years) |
Son of Muwa-Walwis | ||
| Masturi | r. c. 1282 – c. 1275 BCE (≈7 years) |
Son of Manapa-Tarhunta (?) | ||
| Tarhunta-Radu | r. c. 1275 – c. 1245 BCE (≈30 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Unknown | r. c. 1245 – c. 1200 BCE (≈45 years) |
Descendant of Manapa-Tarhunta | ||
Achaeans (c. 1750 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]Ahhiyawa (c. 1400 – c. 1380 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troy VI period (c. 1750 – c. 1300 BCE) | ||||
| Land of Ahhiyawa (r. c. 1400 – c. 1380 BCE) | ||||
| Dynasty of Ahhiyawa (r. c. 1400 – c. 1380 BCE) | ||||
| Madduwatta | r. c. 1400 – c. 1380 BCE (≈20 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
Alashiya (c. 1400 – c. 1380 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troy VI period (c. 1750 – c. 1300 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Alashiya (r. c. 1400 – c. 1380 BCE) | ||||
| Dynasty of Alashiya (r. c. 1400 – c. 1380 BCE) | ||||
| Attarsiya | r. c. 1400 – c. 1380 BCE (≈20 years) |
Son of Pelops (?) | ||
Wilusa (c. 1370 – c. 1235 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troy VI period (c. 1750 – c. 1300 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Wilusa (r. c. 1370 – c. 1235 BCE) | ||||
| Dynasty of Wilusa (r. c. 1370 – c. 1235 BCE) | ||||
| Kukkunni | r. c. 1370 – c. 1330 BCE (≈40 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
|
Alaksandu | r. c. 1330 – c. 1280 BCE (≈50 years) | ||
| Walmu | r. c. 1280 – c. 1235 BCE (≈45 years) | |||
Lukka (c. 1282 – c. 1245 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troy VI period (c. 1750 – c. 1300 BCE) | ||||
| Lukka lands (r. c. 1282 – c. 1245 BCE) | ||||
| Dynasty of Lukka (r. c. 1282 – c. 1245 BCE) | ||||
| Piyamaradu | r. c. 1282 – c. 1245 BCE (≈35 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
Amorites (c. 2500 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]Alalakh (c. 1789 – c. 1370 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old Assyrian period (c. 2025 – c. 1761 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Alalakh (r. c. 1789 – c. 600 BCE) | ||||
|
Zimri-Lim | r. c. 1789 – c. 1761 BCE (≈28 years) |
Son-in-law of Sumu-Epuh | |
| Old Babylonian period (c. 1761 – c. 1628 BCE) | ||||
|
Yarim-Lim | r. c. 1761 – c. 1735 BCE (≈16 years) |
Brother of Abba-El I | |
| Ammitakum II | r. c. 1735 – c. 1650 BCE (≈85 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Hammurabi | r. c. 1650 – c. 1628 BCE (≈22 years) |
Son of Ammitakum II | ||
| Old Hittite Kingdom (r. c. 1628 – c. 1500 BCE) | ||||
| Hattusili I | r. c. 1628 – c. 1620 BCE (≈8 years) |
Nephew of the wife of Labarna | ||
| Kingdom of Alalakh (r. c. 2050 – c. 1425 BCE) | ||||
|
Idrimi | r. c. 1517 – c. 1450 BCE (≈67 years) |
Son of Ilim-Ilimma I | |
|
Niqmepa | r. c. 1450 – c. 1425 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Idrimi (?) | |
| Kingdom of Mitanni (r. c. 1550 – c. 1335 BCE) | ||||
| Artatama I | r. c. 1425 – c. 1400 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Shaushtatar | ||
| Shuttarna II | r. c. 1400 – c. 1360 BCE (≈40 years) |
Son of Artatama I (?) | ||
| Artashumara | r. c. 1360 – c. 1358 BCE (≈2 years) |
Sons of Shuttarna II | ||
|
Tushratta | r. c. 1358 – c. 1335 BCE (≈23 years) | ||
| New Hittite Kingdom (r. c. 1335 – c. 1300 BCE) | ||||
|
|
Suppiluliuma I | r. c. 1335 – c. 1330 BCE (≈5 years) |
Son or son-in-law of Tudhaliya IV | |
| Arnuwanda II | r. c. 1330 BCE (≈1 year) |
Sons of Suppiluliuma I | ||
|
|
Mursili II | r. c. 1330 – c. 1300 BCE (≈30 years) | ||
Mitannians (c. 1800 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]Harran (c. 1550 – c. 1300 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Mitanni (r. c. 1550 – c. 1300 BCE) | ||||
| Kirta | r. c. 1550 – c. 1540 BCE (≈10 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Shuttarna I | r. c. 1540 – c. 1510 BCE (≈30 years) |
Son of Kirta | ||
| Parattarna I | r. c. 1510 – c. 1490 BCE (≈20 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Parshatatar | r. c. 1490 – c. 1480 BCE (≈10 years) |
Sons of Parattarna I | ||
|
Shaushtatar | r. c. 1480 – c. 1460 BCE (≈20 years) | ||
| Parattarna II | r. c. 1460 – c. 1435 BCE (≈25 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Shaitarna | r. c. 1435 – c. 1425 BCE (≈20 years) | |||
| Artatama I | r. c. 1425 – c. 1400 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Shaushtatar | ||
| Shuttarna II | r. c. 1400 – c. 1360 BCE (≈40 years) |
Son of Artatama I (?) | ||
| Artashumara | r. c. 1360 – c. 1358 BCE (≈2 years) |
Sons of Shuttarna II | ||
|
|
Tushratta | r. c. 1358 – c. 1335 BCE (≈23 years) | ||
| Artatama II | r. c. 1335 – c. 1330 BCE (≈5 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Shuttarna III | r. c. 1330 BCE (≈1 year) |
Son of Artatama II | ||
| Shattiwaza | r. c. 1330 – c. 1305 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Tushratta | ||
| Shattuara I | r. c. 1305 – c. 1300 BCE (≈5 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
Malizi (c. 1550 – c. 640 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Mitanni (r. c. 1550 – c. 1335 BCE) | ||||
| Kirta | r. c. 1550 – c. 1540 BCE (≈10 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Shuttarna I | r. c. 1540 – c. 1510 BCE (≈30 years) |
Son of Kirta | ||
| Parattarna I | r. c. 1510 – c. 1490 BCE (≈20 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Parshatatar | r. c. 1490 – c. 1480 BCE (≈10 years) |
Sons of Parattarna I | ||
|
|
Shaushtatar | r. c. 1480 – c. 1460 BCE (≈20 years) | ||
| Parattarna II | r. c. 1460 – c. 1435 BCE (≈25 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Shaitarna | r. c. 1435 – c. 1425 BCE (≈20 years) | |||
| Artatama I | r. c. 1425 – c. 1400 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Shaushtatar | ||
| Shuttarna II | r. c. 1400 – c. 1360 BCE (≈40 years) |
Son of Artatama I (?) | ||
| Artashumara | r. c. 1360 – c. 1358 BCE (≈2 years) |
Sons of Shuttarna II | ||
|
|
Tushratta | r. c. 1358 – c. 1335 BCE (≈23 years) | ||
| New Hittite Kingdom (r. c. 1335 – c. 1200 BCE) | ||||
|
|
Suppiluliuma I | r. c. 1335 – c. 1330 BCE (≈5 years) |
Son or son-in-law of Tudhaliya IV | |
| Arnuwanda II | r. c. 1330 BCE (≈1 year) |
Sons of Suppiluliuma I | ||
|
|
Mursili II | r. c. 1330 – c. 1295 BCE (≈35 years) | ||
|
|
Muwatalli II | r. c. 1295 – c. 1282 BCE (≈13 years) |
Son of Mursili II | |
|
|
Mursili III | r. c. 1282 – c. 1275 BCE (≈7 years) |
Son of Muwatalli II | |
|
|
Hattusili III | r. c. 1275 – c. 1245 BCE (≈30 years) |
Son of Mursili II | |
|
|
Tudhaliya V | r. c. 1245 – c. 1215 BCE (≈30 years) |
Son of Hattusili III | |
|
|
Kurunta | r. c. 1236 – c. 1235 BCE (1 year) |
Son of Muwatalli II | |
| Arnuwanda III | r. c. 1215 – c. 1210 BCE (≈5 years) |
Sons of Tudhaliya V | ||
|
|
Suppiluliuma II | r. c. 1210 – c. 1200 BCE (≈10 years) | ||
| Dynasty of Kuzi-Teššub (r. c. 1200 – c. 990 BCE) | ||||
| Kuzi-Teshub | r. c. 1200 – c. 1150 BCE (≈50 years) |
Descendant of Suppiluliuma I | ||
| PUGNUS-mili I | r. c. 1150 – c. 1140 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son of Kuzi-Teshub | ||
| Runtiya | r. c. 1140 – c. 1130 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son of PUGNUS-mili I | ||
| Arnuwanti I | r. c. 1130 – c. 1120 BCE (≈10 years) |
Brother of Runtiya | ||
| PUGNUS-mili II | r. c. 1120 – c. 1112 BCE (≈8 years) |
Son of Arnuwanti I | ||
| Arnuwanti II | r. c. 1112 – c. 1000 BCE (≈12 years) |
Son of PUGNUS-mili II | ||
| PUGNUS-mili III | r. c. 1000 – c. 990 BCE (≈10 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Dynasty of Taras (r. c. 990 – c. 960 BCE) | ||||
| Taras | r. c. 990 – c. 980 BCE (≈10 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Wasu(?)runtiya | r. c. 980 – c. 970 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son of Taras | ||
| Halpasulupi | r. c. 970 – c. 950 BCE (≈20 years) |
Son of Wasu(?)runtiya | ||
| Later rulers (r. c. 950 – c. 640 BCE) | ||||
| Suwarimi | r. c. 950 – c. 920 BCE (≈30 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Mariti | r. c. 920 – c. 900 BCE (≈20 years) |
Son of Suwarimi | ||
| Sahwi | r. c. 900 – c. 870 BCE (≈30 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Sa(?)tiruntiya | r. c. 870 – c. 853 BCE (≈17 years) | |||
| Lalli | r. c. 853 – c. 835 BCE (≈18 years) | |||
| Zakur | r. c. 835 – c. 820 BCE (≈15 years) | |||
| Sahu | r. c. 820 – c. 800 BCE (≈20 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 800 – c. 784 BCE (≈16 years) | |||
| Hilaruada | r. c. 784 – c. 743 BCE (≈18 years) | |||
| Sulumal | r. c. 743 – c. 732 BCE (≈11 years) | |||
| Gunzinanu | r. c. 732 – c. 719 BCE (≈13 years) | |||
| Neo-Assyrian period (c. 719 – c. 640 BCE) | ||||
| Tarhunazi | r. c. 719 – c. 713 BCE (≈6 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Kingdom of Kammanu (r. c. 713 – c. 708 BCE) | ||||
| Muwatalli | r. c. 713 – c. 708 BCE (≈5 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Assyrian rule (r. c. 708 – c. 640 BCE) | ||||
| Mugallu | r. c. 708 – c. 651 BCE (≈57 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| x-ussi | r. c. 651 – c. 640 BCE (≈11 years) |
Son of Mugallu | ||
Luwians (c. 3000 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]Kizzuwatna (c. 1600 – c. 1370 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Kizzuwatna (r. c. 1600 – c. 1200 BCE) | ||||
| Pariyawatri | r. c. 1600 – c. 1525 BCE (≈75 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Isputahsu | r. c. 1525 – c. 1519 BCE (≈6 years) |
Son of Pariyawatri | ||
| Eheya | r. c. 1519 – c. 1518 BCE (≈1 year) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Paddatisu | r. c. 1518 – c. 1517 BCE (≈1 year) | |||
|
Pilliya | r. c. 1517 – c. 1470 BCE (≈47 years) | ||
| Sunassura I | r. c. 1470 – c. 1460 BCE (≈10 years) | |||
| Talzu | r. c. 1460 – c. 1430 BCE (≈30 years) | |||
| Sunassura II | r. c. 1430 – c. 1400 BCE (≈30 years) | |||
Arzawa (c. 1440 – c. 1300 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Arzawa (r. c. 1440 – c. 1300 BCE) | ||||
| Kupanta-Kurunta | r. c. 1500 – c. 1430 BCE (≈70 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Madduwatta | r. c. 1430 – c. 1370 BCE (≈60 years) | |||
| Tarḫuntaradu | r. c. 1370 – c. 1360 BCE (≈30 years) | |||
| Anzapahhadu | r. c. 1360 – c. 1350 BCE (≈10 years) | |||
| Piyama-Kurunta | r. c. 1350 – c. 1342 BCE (≈8 years) | |||
| Tapalazunaulis | r. c. 1342 – c. 1342 BCE (≈8 years) | |||
| Muwa-Walwis | r. c. 1342 – c. 1342 BCE (≈8 years) | |||
|
Tarkasnawa | r. c. 1342 – c. 1342 BCE (≈30 years) | ||
| Uhha-Ziti | r. c. 1342 – c. 1342 BCE (≈30 years) | |||
Mira (c. 1330 – c. 1190 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Mira (r. c. 1330 – c. 1190 BCE) | ||||
| Mašḫuiluwa | r. c. 1330 – c. 1300 BCE (≈30 years) |
Son-in-law of Mursili II | ||
| Kupantakurunta | r. c. 1300 – c. 1259 BCE (≈41 years) |
Nephew of Mašḫuiluwa | ||
| Alantalli | r. c. 1259 – c. 1236 BCE (≈23 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
|
|
Tarkasnawa | r. c. 1236 – c. 1220 BCE (≈16 years) |
Son of Alantalli | |
| Mašḫuitta | r. c. 1220 – c. 1190 BCE (≈30 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
Pattin (c. 1100 – c. 738 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early rulers of the kingdom of Pattin (r. c. 1100 – c. 875 BCE) | ||||
.jpg){kind=small}
|
Taita | r. c. 1100 – c. 1000 BCE (≈100 years) |
Unclear succession | |
| Manana | r. c. 1000 – c. 970 BCE (≈30 years) | |||
| Suppiluliuma I | r. c. 970 – c. 920 BCE (≈60 years) | |||
| Halparuntiya I | r. c. 920 – c. 875 BCE (≈45 years) | |||
| Dynasty of Lubarna (r. c. 875 – c. 831 BCE) | ||||
| Lubarna I | r. c. 875 – c. 858 BCE (≈17 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
.jpg){kind=small}
|
Suppiluliuma II | r. c. 858 – c. 857 BCE (≈1 year) | ||
| Halparuntiya II | r. c. 857 – c. 853 BCE (≈4 years) | |||
| Lubarna II | r. c. 853 – c. 831 BCE (≈22 years) | |||
| Later rulers (r. c. 831 – c. 738 BCE) | ||||
| Surri | r. c. 831 – c. 829 BCE (≈2 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Sasi | r. c. 829 – c. 800 BCE (≈29 years) | |||
| Tutammu | r. c. 800 – c. 738 BCE (≈62 years) | |||
Gurgum (c. 1050 – c. 711 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Gurgum (r. c. 1050 – c. 711 BCE) | ||||
| Astuwaramanza | r. c. 1050 – c. 1000 BCE (≈50 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Muwatalli I | r. c. 1000 – c. 950 BCE (≈50 years) |
Son of Astuwaramanza | ||
| Larama I | r. c. 950 – c. 900 BCE (≈50 years) |
Son of Muwatalli I | ||
| Muwizi | r. c. 900 – c. 880 BCE (≈20 years) |
Son of Larama I | ||
| Halparuntiya I | r. c. 880 – c. 870 BCE (≈10 years) |
Son of Muwizi | ||
| Muwatalli II | r. c. 870 – c. 858 BCE (≈12 years) |
Son of Halparuntiya I | ||
| Halparuntiya II | r. c. 858 – c. 830 BCE (≈28 years) |
Son of Muwatalli II | ||
| Larama II | r. c. 830 – c. 805 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Halparuntiya II | ||
| Halparuntiya III | r. c. 805 – c. 743 BCE (≈62 years) |
Son of Larama II | ||
| Tarhulara | r. c. 743 – c. 711 BCE (≈32 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Muwatalli III | r. c. 711 BCE (≈1 year) |
Son of Tarhulara | ||
Hilakku (c. 830 – c. 665 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Hilakku (r. c. 830 – c. 665 BCE) | ||||
| Pihirim | r. c. 830 – c. 718 BCE (≈112 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Ambaris | r. c. 718 – c. 713 BCE (≈5 years) | |||
| Sandasarme | r. c. 713 – c. 665 BCE (≈48 years) | |||
Kummuh (c. 884 – c. 705 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Kummuh (r. c. 884 – c. 708 BCE) | ||||
| Qatazilu | r. c. 884 – c. 859 BCE (≈25 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Kundašpi | r. c. 859 – c. 783 BCE (≈76 years) | |||
| Ušpilulume | r. c. 783 – c. 773 BCE (≈10 years) | |||
| Hattušili | r. c. 773 – c. 745 BCE (≈28 years) | |||
| Kuštašpi | r. c. 745 – c. 722 BCE (≈23 years) | |||
| Mutallu | r. c. 722 – c. 705 BCE (≈17 years) | |||
Quwê (c. 858 – c. 627 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Quwê (r. c. 858 – c. 627 BCE) | ||||
| Kate | r. c. 858 – c. 831 BCE (≈27 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Kirri | r. c. 831 – c. 738 BCE (≈93 years) |
Brother of Kate | ||
| Awariku | r. c. 738 – c. 709 BCE (≈29 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Azatiwata | r. c. 709 – c. 705 BCE (≈4 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 705 – c. 627 BCE (≈78 years) |
Son of Awariku | ||
Cybistra (c. 837 – c. 679 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Cybistra (r. c. 837 – c. 679 BCE) | ||||
| Puhamme | r. c. 837 – c. 740 BCE (≈97 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Urimme | r. c. 740 – c. 679 BCE (≈61 years) | |||
Tyana (c. 800 – c. 700 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Tyana (r. c. 800 – c. 700 BCE) | ||||
| Warpalawa I | r. c. 800 – c. 770 BCE (≈30 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Saruwani | r. c. 770 – c. 750 BCE (≈20 years) | |||
| Muwaharani I | r. c. 750 – c. 740 BCE (≈10 years) | |||
| Warpalawas II | r. c. 740 – c. 705 BCE (≈35 years) |
Son of Muwaharani I | ||
| Muwaharani II | r. c. 705 – c. 700 BCE (≈5 years) |
Son of Warpalawas II | ||
Tunna (c. 740 – c. 713 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Tunna (r. c. 740 – c. 713 BCE) | ||||
| Ušḫitti | r. c. 740 – c. 732 BCE (≈8 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Ashwisi | r. c. 732 – c. 718 BCE (≈14 years) | |||
| Kurti | r. c. 718 – c. 713 BCE (≈5 years) |
Son of Ashwisi | ||
Hurrians (c. 2300 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]Isuwa (c. 1600 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Isuwa (r. c. 1600 – c. 600 BCE) | ||||
| Ehli-sharruma | r. c. 1350 – c. 1270 BCE (≈80 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Ari-sharruma | r. c. 1270 – c. 1190 BCE (≈80 years) | |||
Phrygians (c. 1200 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]Phrygia (c. 1200 – c. 675 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Phrygia (r. c. 1200 – c. 675 BCE) | ||||
| Gordias | r. c. 1200 – c. 1200 BCE (≈25 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
|
Midas | r. c. 1200 – c. 1200 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Gordias | |
| Gordias II | r. c. 585 – c. 546 BCE (≈39 years) |
Son of Midas II (?) | ||
Lydians (c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE)
[edit]Lydia (c. 1300 – c. 546 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troy VIIa period (c. 1300 – c. 1180 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Maeoniae (r. c. 1300 – c. 1192 BCE) | ||||
| Maeonian dynasty (r. c. 1300 – c. 1192 BCE) | ||||
| Manes | r. c. 1300 – c. 1200 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Zeus | ||
| Atys | r. c. 1200 – c. 1200 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Manes | ||
| Lydus | r. c. 1200 – c. 1200 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Atys | ||
| Iardanus | r. c. 1200 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Troy VIIb1 period (c. 1180 – c. 1050 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Maeoniae (r. c. 1192 – c. 687 BCE) | ||||
| Heraclid dynasty (r. c. 1192 – c. 687 BCE) | ||||
| Agron | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Ninus | ||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Unknown | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
| Meles | r. c. 1192 – c. 1192 BCE (≈25 years) | |||
_%E2%80%93_Candaules,_King_of_Lydia,_Shews_his_Wife_by_Stealth_to_Gyges,_One_of_his_Ministers,_as_She_Goes_to_Bed_%E2%80%93_N00358_%E2%80%93_Tate.jpg){kind=small}
|
Candaules | r. c. 1192 – c. 687 BCE (≈25 years) |
Son of Meles | |
| Troy VIIb1 period (c. 1180 – c. 1050 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Maeoniae (r. c. 680 – c. 546 BCE) | ||||
| Mermnad dynasty (r. c. 680 – c. 546 BCE) | ||||
.jpg){kind=small}
|
Gyges | r. c. 680 – c. 644 BCE (38 years) |
Son of Dascylus d. c. 644 BCE |
|
| Ardys | r. c. 644 – c. 637 BCE (7 years) |
Son of Gyges d. c. 637 BCE | ||
| Sadyattes | r. c. 637 – c. 635 BCE (12 years) |
Son of Ardys d. c. 635 BCE | ||
|
Alyattes | r. c. 635 – c. 585 BCE (57 years) |
Son of Sadyattes d. c. 585 BCE | |
|
Croesus | r. c. 585 – c. 546 BCE (14 years) |
Son of Alyattes d. c. 546 BCE | |
Arameans (c. 2300 – c. 600 BCE)
[edit]Samʾal (c. 859 – c. 711 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Samʾal (r. c. 859 – c. 711 BCE) | ||||
| Hayyanu | r. c. 859 – c. 854 BCE (≈5 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Ahabbu | r. c. 854 – c. 825 BCE (≈29 years) |
Son of Hayyanu (?) | ||
| Qarli | r. c. 825 – c. 790 BCE (≈35 years) |
Son of Ahabbu (?) | ||
|
Panamuwa I | r. c. 790 – c. 750 BCE (≈40 years) |
Son of Qarli | |
| Bar-Sur | r. c. 750 – c. 745 BCE (≈5 years) |
Son of Panamuwa I | ||
| Unknown | r. c. 745 – c. 743 BCE (≈2 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
|
Panamuwa II | r. c. 743 – c. 727 BCE (≈16 years) |
Son of Bar-Sur | |
|
Bar-Rakib | r. c. 727 – c. 711 BCE (≈16 years) |
Son of Panamuwa II | |
Urartians (c. 860 – c. 585 BCE)
[edit]Urartu (c. 858 – c. 585 BCE)
[edit]| Portrait or inscription | Ruler | Approx. date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Comments, notes, and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperial period (c. 650 – c. 330 BCE) | ||||
| Kingdom of Van (r. c. 858 – c. 585 BCE) | ||||
| Aramu | r. c. 858 – c. 844 BCE (≈14 years) |
Unclear succession | ||
| Lutipri | r. c. 844 – c. 834 BCE (≈10 years) | |||
| Sarduri I | r. c. 834 – c. 828 BCE (≈6 years) |
Son of Lutipri | ||
| Ishpuini | r. c. 828 – c. 810 BCE (≈18 years) |
Son of Sarduri I | ||
|
Menua | r. c. 810 – c. 786 BCE (≈24 years) |
Son of Ishpuini | |
|
Argishti I | r. c. 786 – c. 764 BCE (≈22 years) |
Son of Menua | |
|
Sarduri II | r. c. 764 – c. 735 BCE (≈29 years) |
Son of Argishti I | |
| Rusa I | r. c. 735 – c. 714 BCE (≈21 years) |
Son of Sarduri II | ||
| Argishti II | r. c. 714 – c. 680 BCE (≈34 years) |
Son of Rusa I | ||
|
Rusa II | r. c. 680 – c. 639 BCE (≈34 years) |
Son of Argishti II | |
| Sarduri III | r. c. 639 – c. 625 BCE (≈14 years) |
Sons of Rusa II | ||
|
Erimena | r. c. 625 – c. 620 BCE (≈5 years) | ||
|
Rusa III | r. c. 620 – c. 615 BCE (≈5 years) |
Son of Erimena | |
| Sarduri IV | r. c. 615 – c. 595 BCE (≈20 years) |
Sons of Rusa III | ||
|
Rusa IV | r. c. 595 – c. 585 BCE (≈10 years) | ||
Gallery
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]Notes
[edit]Citations
[edit]Sources
[edit]Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
Cover photo is available under {{::mainImage.info.license.name || 'Unknown'}} license.
Cover photo is available under {{::mainImage.info.license.name || 'Unknown'}} license.
Credit:
(see original file).
