Jumli language
| Jumli Khas | |
|---|---|
| जुम्ली खस | |
 The word "Jumli" written in Devanagari script | |
| Region | Nepal |
Native speakers | 8,300 (2021)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Devanagari | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jml |
| Glottolog | juml1238 |
Jumli or Jumli Khas is an Indo-Aryan language of Nepal closely related to Nepali. It is primarily spoken in the Karnali Province of Nepal.[1] The language is occasionally referred to as a dialect of Nepali; however, the Government of Nepal considers Jumli as a different language and the 2011 Nepal census put the number of native speakers at 851.[2] The Khas language is known as the parent language of Nepali language.
Dialects
[edit]- Asi Darali, spoken in 80 Dara, 500 Dara and Sinja Dara of Jumla district.
- Tribikoti, spoken in 1420 Dara of Jumla district and Dolpa District.
- Rasakoti, spoken in Kalikot District.
- Muhu, spoken in Mugu District and Humla District.[3]
Script
[edit]Jumli Khas language uses the Devanagari script.
History
[edit]Khas language is considered to be the parent language of Nepali. The language is considered to developed in Sinja Valley of Karnali province.[4]
2017 Proposed Phonology
[edit]On 17 August 2017, a draft regarding 'Jumli Khas language writing style' was proposed. The draft proposed 29 consonants and 6 vowels for writing the language. According to Ramanand Acharya, a linguist and editor of the Jumli Khas dictionary, the proposed draft was prepared based on the Khas language and colloquial language and vernacular spoken in the then Karnali Khas Kingdom.[5] However, on 15 August 2022, the Language Commission of Nepal finalized a phonology with 24 vowels and 41 consonant characters.
Vowels
[edit]Unlike Nepali, Jumli Khas only have 6 oral vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ʌ | ||
| Open | a |
Consonants
[edit]| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨म⟩ | n ⟨न⟩ | ŋ ⟨ङ⟩ | ||||||
| Plosive/ | voiceless | unaspirated | p ⟨प⟩ | t ⟨त⟩ | t͡s ⟨च⟩ | ʈ ⟨ट⟩ | k ⟨क⟩ | ||
| aspirated | pʰ ⟨फ⟩ | tʰ ⟨थ⟩ | t͡sʰ ⟨छ⟩ | ʈʰ ⟨ठ⟩ | kʰ ⟨ख⟩ | ||||
| voiced | unaspirated | b ⟨ब⟩ | d ⟨द⟩ | d͡z ⟨ज⟩ | ɖ ⟨ड⟩ | ɡ ⟨ग⟩ | |||
| aspirated | bʱ ⟨भ⟩ | dʱ ⟨ध⟩ | d͡zʱ ⟨झ⟩ | ɖʱ ⟨ढ⟩ | ɡʱ ⟨घ⟩ | ||||
| Fricative | s ⟨स⟩ | ɦ ⟨ह⟩ | |||||||
| Rhotic | r ⟨र⟩ | ||||||||
| Approximant | (w ⟨व⟩) | l ⟨ल⟩ | (j ⟨य⟩) | ||||||
The standard record regarding the grammar and vocabulary was not collected and standardized as of 2022.[4] On 15 August 2022, at the initiative of the local government, the Language Commission started the process of documenting and archiving the language.[6] According to proposal, 24 vowels and 41 consonant characters were finalized for developing writing system of the language.[7]
Present status
[edit]In 2020, twenty-eight schools in Tatopani Rural Municipality of Jumla District started teaching in Jumli Khas language.[8]
Dictionary
[edit]In 2008, Ramanand Acharya started compiling the first ever Jumli Khas Dictionary titled Khasiya Akhar.[9] Khas means Khas people and Aakhar means word or a letter. As of 2019, he had collected around 25 thousands words. The collection process has been at a slow rate due to lack of funding.[10] The Karnali Province government allocated funds for the process in the budget of the fiscal year 2077/2078 BS (2020/2021).[11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Jumli Khas at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ "Census Nepal 2021". censusnepal.cbs.gov.np. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "जुम्ली शब्दकोश अधुरै". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ a b "भाषा आयोगको लापरबाही : जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेख नै छैन". भाषा आयोगको लापरबाही : जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेख नै छैन. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ संवाददाता, केन्द्रबिन्दु. "'खस जुम्ली भाषा लेखनशैली'को प्रस्तावित मस्यौदा निर्माण". kendrabindu.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ कालिकोट, ललित विष्ट. "जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेखीकरण गर्ने तयारी". nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेखिकरण गरिँदै". Nepal Press. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "Teaching and learning in Khas language". रेडियो नेपाल. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "Jumli dictionary of Khas language being created". Setopati. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "लेखिँदै जुम्ली खस शब्दकोश". Kharibot (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "लेखिने भयो 'खसिया आखर'". लेखिने भयो ‘खसिया आखर’. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
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