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Chwip din

Tad yn rhoi chwip din i'w blentyn; llun gan Martin Van Maele, 1905

Math o gosb corfforol ydy chwip din sy'n cael ei roi fel arfer i blant neu lasoed drwg, heb wneud niwed.[1] Gyda'r llaw agored mae'r rhan fwyaf o bobl taro, er bod rhai'n defnyddio gwialen fedw, belt neu slipar. Mae'r oedolyn fel arfer yn rhiant, athro, athrawes neu ceidwad. Ar gyfartaledd mae bechgyn yn fwy tebygol i gael chwip din na merched.[2][3][4][5][6]

Mae rhai gwledydd wedi ei wneud yn anghyfreithlon i roi chwip din mewn ysgolion neu lefydd eraill. Ond mae'r rhan fwyaf o wledydd yn gadael i'r rhieni yr cael hawl i wneud hyn.

Mae rhai traddodiadau'n gadael i'r gwr roi chwip dim i'w wraig, er bod llai a llai yn gwneud hyn erbyn heddiw.[7] Dro arall, mae chwipio oedolyn yn cael ei weld fel rhan o gyfathrach rywiol neu fel BDSM.

     Gwledydd sydd wedi gwneud cosb corfforol i blant yn anghyfreithlon.

Ers cyhoeddi The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care yn 1946 newidiodd pethau, gan wneud i rieni feddwl a yw taro plentyn yn beth da. Sweden oed y wlad cyntaf i wneud cosbi plentyn yn anghyfreithlon, yn 1979. Eryn 2013 roedd 34 gwlad, 22 ohonyn nhw yn Ewrop.[8][9]

Mewn ysgol, defnyddiwyd offer arbennig i daro yn hytrach na'r llaw agored; y wialen fedw fel arfer.

Mae'r rhan fwyaf o wledydd Ewrop, Japan, Canada a De Affrica wedi gwneud cosbi corfforol yn anghyfreithlon. Yn yr Unol Daleithiau mi wnaeth y Llys Uchaf yn 1977 ddweud nad oedd 'padlo' pen-olau disgyblion ddim yn nghyfreithlon per se. Mae deddfau cyffredinol yr UD hefyd yn dweud y dyla'r gosb fod yn "reasonable and not excessive".[10] Ond, bellach, mae 31 talaith wedi ei wneud yn anghyfreithlon, yn enwedig yng ngogledd y wlad.[11][12]

Gweler hefyd

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Cyfeiriadau

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  1. Day, R.; Peterson, G. W.; McCracken, C. (1998). "Predicting Spanking of Younger and Older Children by their Mothers and Fathers". Journal of Marriage and the Family 60 (1): 79–94. doi:10.2307/353443. JSTOR 353443.
  2. Elder, G.H.; Bowerman, C. E. (1963). "Family Structure and Child Rearing Patterns: The Effect of Family Size and Sex Composition". American Sociological Review 28 (6): 891–905. doi:10.2307/2090309. JSTOR 2090309. https://archive.org/details/sim_american-sociological-review_1963-12_28_6/page/891.
  3. Gelles, Richard J.; Straus, Murray A.; Smith, Christine (1995). Physical Violence in American Families: risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. ISBN 1-56000-828-8.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Jacklin, Carol Nagy; Maccoby, Eleanor E. (1978). The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0974-2.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. MacDonald, A. P. (August 1971). "Internal-external locus of control: parental antecedents". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 37 (1): 141–147. doi:10.1037/h0031281. PMID 5565616. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-consulting-and-clinical-psychology_1971-08_37_1/page/141.
  6. Straus, Murray A. (1971). "Some Social Antecedents of Physical Punishment: a linkage theory interpretation". Journal of Marriage and the Family 33 (4): 658–663. doi:10.2307/349438. JSTOR 349438.
  7. R. Claire Snyder-Hall (2008). "The Ideology of Wifely Submission: A Challenge for Feminism?". Politics & Gender 4 (4): 563–586. doi:10.1017/S1743923X08000482.
  8. "The Center for Effective Discipline". EPOCH-USA. Cyrchwyd 11 November 2013.
  9. Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children Archifwyd 2014-09-20 yn y Peiriant Wayback. (GITEACPOC).
  10. Ingraham v. Wright, 97, S.Ct. 1401 (1977).
  11. "Corporal Punishment and Paddling Statistics by State and Race", Center for Effective Discipline.
  12. "External links to present-day school handbooks", World Corporal Punishment Research.

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