Fašizam

Fašizam je veoma širok pojam, a po stručnjacima društvenih nauka definiše se kao treći stadij nacionalizma (nakon nacionalizma i šovinizma) i smatra se radikalnom totalitarističkom ideologijom. Dobio je ime od italijanske riječi fascio što znači savez, odakle i vuče korijene. To je sistem vladanja obilježen centralizacijom autoriteta kojeg personalizira diktator, strogom socio-ekonomskom kontrolom. Ova vrsta vladavine se služi potiskivanjem, sprječavanjem i gušenjem opozicije terorom i cenzorstvom, i tipičnom politikom ratobornog šovinizma i rasizma. Postojao je, ali i postoji u mnogim državama svijeta i dan danas.

Fašizam je oblik krajnje desnice, autoritarni ultranacionalizam ^[1] odlikuje diktatorske vlasti, prisilno suzbijanje opozicije, i jak ustrojiti društva i ekonomije, koji je stupio do izražaja u Evropi ranog 20. vijeka. Prvi fašistički pokreti nastali su u Italiji tokom Prvog svjetskog rata, prije nego što su se proširili na druge evropske zemlje.^[2] Za razliku od anarhizma, demokratije, liberalizma i marksizma, fašizam je postavljen na krajnje desničare unutar tradicionalnog lijevo-desnog spektra.^[2]

Fašisti su Prvi svjetski rat vidjeli kao revoluciju koja je donijela velike promjene u prirodi rata, društvu, državi i tehnologiji. Dolazak totalnog rata i totalna masovna mobilizacija društva srušili su razliku između civila i boraca. Nastalo je vojno državljanstvo u kojem su svi građani na neki način bili uključeni u vojsku tokom rata.^[3] Rat je doveo do uspona moćne države sposobne da mobiliše milione ljudi da služe na linijama fronta i da obezbijedi ekonomsku proizvodnju i logistiku za njihovu podršku, kao i da ima neviđen autoritet da interveniše u živote građana.^[3]

Fašisti smatraju da je liberalna demokratija zastarjela i smatraju da je potpuna mobilizacija društva u totalitarnoj jednopartijskoj državi neophodna da bi se nacija pripremila za oružani sukob i efikasno odgovorila na ekonomske poteškoće.^[4] Fašističku državu predvode jak vođa (kao što je diktator) i vlada vanrednog stanja sastavljena od članova vladajuće fašističke partije kako bi se stvorilo nacionalno jedinstvo i održalo stabilno i uređeno društvo.^[4] Fašizam odbacuje tvrdnje da je nasilje automatski negativne prirode i gleda na imperijalizam, političko nasilje i rat kao na sredstva koja mogu postići nacionalno podmlađivanje.^[5] Fašisti zagovaraju mješovitu ekonomiju, s glavnim ciljem postizanja autarkije (nacionalne ekonomske samodovoljnosti) kroz protekcionističku i ekonomsku intervencionističku politiku.^[6] Ekstremni autoritarizam i nacionalizam fašizma često manifestira vjeru u rasnu čistoću ili rasu gospodara, obično sintetiziranu s nekom varijantom rasizma ili netrpeljivosti prema demoniziranom „Drugom“; ideja rasne čistoće motivisala je fašističke režime da počine masakre, prisilne sterilizacije, genocide, masovna ubistva ili prisilne deportacije protiv "drugog".^[7]

Od kraja Drugog svjetskog rata 1945., nekoliko stranaka se otvoreno opisalo kao fašističke, a umjesto toga, politički protivnici taj izraz sada obično pežorativno koriste. Opisi neofašističkih ili postfašističkih ponekad se formalnije primjenjuju kako bi se opisali suvremene stranke krajnje desnice s ideologijama sličnim fašističkim pokretima 20. stoljeća ili ukorijenjene u njima.^[2] ^[8]

Ultranacionalizam, u kombinaciji sa mitom o nacionalnom preporodu, ključna je osnova fašizma. ^[9] Robert Paxton tvrdi da je "strastveni nacionalizam" osnova fašizma, u kombinaciji sa "konspirativnim i manihejskim pogledom na historiju" koji smatra da je "izabrani narod oslabljen političkim strankama, društvenim klasama, neasimilibilnim manjinama, razmaženim rentijerima i racionalističkim misliocima." ^[10] Roger Griffin identificira srž fašizma kao palingenetski ultranacionalizam.^[11]

Fašistički pogled na naciju jeste da je to jedan organski entitet koji povezuje ljude svojim porijeklom i predstavlja prirodnu ujedinjujuću snagu ljudi. ^[12] Fašizam nastoji riješiti ekonomske, političke i socijalne probleme postizanjem milenarističkog nacionalnog preporoda, veličanju nacije ili rase iznad svega i promociji kultova jedinstva, snage i čistoće. ^[13]^{[potrebna stranica]} ^[14]^{[potrebna stranica]} ^[15]^{[potrebna stranica]} ^[16] ^[17] Evropski fašistički pokreti tipično zastupaju rasističku koncepciju neevropljana kao inferiornih u odnosu na Evropljane.^[18] Osim toga, fašisti u Evropi nisu imali jedinstven skup rasnih stavova.^[18] Historijski gledano, većina fašista je promovirala imperijalizam, iako je postojalo nekoliko fašističkih pokreta koji nisu bili zainteresovani za nove imperijalne ambicije.^[18] Na primjer, nacizam i talijanski fašizam su bili ekspanzionistički i iredentistički. Falangizam u Španiji je predviđao ujedinjenje naroda koji govore španski ( Hispanidad ) širom svijeta. Britanski fašizam je bio neintervencionistički, iako je prihvatio Britansko carstvo.

Zemlja porijekla fašističke ideologije i pobornici

Italija - Fašisti
Njemačka - Nacisti
Japan - Imperijalisti
Španija - Falangisti ili Frankovci
Norveška - Kvislinzi
Albanija- Albanska fašistička stranka
Hrvatska - Ustaše
Srbija - Četnici, Ljotićevci, Nedićevci
Bosna i Hercegovina - Četnici, Ustaše
Belgija - Reksisti
Austrija - Austrofašisti
Grčka - Metaksasisti
Brazil - Integralisti
Turska - Sivi vukovi

Članice Piccole Italiane, organizacije za djevojčice u okviru Nacionalne fašističke partije u Italiji
Članice Lige njemačkih djevojaka, organizacije za djevojčice u okviru Nacističke partije u Njemačkoj
Nacisti u Minhenu tokom puča u pivnici
Integralisti marširaju u Brazilu
Mršavi zatvorenik u italijanskom koncentracionom logoru Rab
Leševi žrtava njemačkog koncentracionog logora Buchenwald
Huan Perón, predsjednik Argentine od 1946. do 1955. i 1973. do 1974., divio se italijanskom fašizmu i modelirao je svoju ekonomsku politiku na osnovu onih koje je vodila fašistička Italija.
Demonstracije Zlatne zore u Grčkoj 2012

Reference

Bilješke

^ Turner (1975), str. 162: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism."; Larsen, Hagtvet i Myklebust (1984), str. 424: "... organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism."; Paxton (2004), str. 32, 45, 173; Nolte (1965), str. 300
^ ^a ^b ^c Davies i Lynch (2002)
^ ^a ^b Blamires (2006), str. 140–141, 670; Mann (2004), str. 65.
^ ^a ^b Horne (2002).
^ Grčić (2000), str. 120; Griffin i Feldman (2004c), str. 185; Spielvogel (2012), str. 935; Payne (1995), str. 106.
^ Blamires (2006).
^ Kallis (2011); Paxton (1998); Lancaster (2011).
^ Enciclopedia Italiana Neofascismo.
^ Blamires (2006b), str. 451–453, "Nationalism".
^ Paxton (2004), str. 41.
^ Griffin (1991), str. 26.
^ Zimmer (2003).
^ Paxton (2004).
^ Passmore (2002).
^ Griffin (1991).
^ Laqueur (1997).
^ Encyclopedia Britannica Fascism.
^ ^a ^b ^c Payne (1995).

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Passmore, Kevin (2003). Women, Gender, and Fascism in Europe, 1919-45 (jezik: engleski). Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6617-7.
Pauley, Bruce F. (2003). Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy. Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc.
Paxton, Robert O. (1998). "The five stages of fascism". Journal of Modern History. 70 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1086/235001. JSTOR 10.1086/235001. S2CID 143862302.
Paxton, Robert O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism (First izd.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4094-0.
- Paxton, Robert O. (2005). The Anatomy of Fascism. New York; Toronto: Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-42812-7.
Payne, Stanley G. (1980). Fascism, Comparison and Definition. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-08060-0.
Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne, Stanley G (2003). Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism. Textbook Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7581-3445-5. online.
Payne, Stanley G (1987). The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11070-3.
Piraino, Marco; Fiorito, Stefano (2009). Fascist Identity (jezik: engleski). Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4092-7059-1.
Pollard, John (1998). The Fascist Experience in Italy. Routledge.
Proctor, Robert E. (1989). Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-74578-0. OCLC 20760638.

Quarantotto, Claudio (1976). Tutti fascisti! (jezik: italijanski). Edizioni del Borghese.
Quine, Maria Sophia (1996). Population Politics in Twentieth-century Europe: Fascist Dictatorships and Liberal Democracies (jezik: engleski). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08069-9.

Ramswell, Prebble Q. (2017). Euroscepticism and the Rising Threat from the Left and Right: The Concept of Millennial Fascism. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-4604-1. Pristupljeno 8. 3. 2019.
Reich, Wilhelm (1970). The Mass Psychology of Fascism. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-285-64701-5.
Renton, David (1999). Fascism: Theory and Practice. London: Pluto Press.
Richardson, John E. (2017). British Fascism: A Discourse-Historical Analysis. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press. ISBN 978-3-8382-6491-2.
Rodogno, Davide (2006). Fascism's European empire. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Roel Reyes, Stefan (17. 12. 2019). "Antebellum Palingenetic Ultranationalism: The Case for including the United States in Comparative Fascist Studies". Fascism (jezik: engleski). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. 8 (2): 307–330. doi:10.1163/22116257-00802005. ISSN 2211-6257.
Rohkrämer, Thomas (2007). A Single Communal Faith?: the German Right from Conservatism to National Socialism. Monographs in German History. 20. Berghahn Books.
Rosas, Fernando (2019). Salazar e os Fascismos: Ensaio Breve de História Comparada (jezik: portugalski). Edições Tinta-da-China.
Ross, Alexander Reid (2017). Against the Fascist Creep. Chico, California: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-84935-244-4. Arhivirano s originala, 31. 7. 2019. Pristupljeno 31. 7. 2019.

Sauer, Wolfgang (decembar 1967). "National Socialism: totalitarianism or fascism?". The American Historical Review. 73 (2): 404–424. doi:10.2307/1866167. JSTOR 1866167.
Schmitt, Carl (1995). "The Legal Basis of the Total State". u Griffin, Roger (ured.). Fascism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Schnapp, Jeffrey Thompson; Sears, Olivia E.; Stampino, Maria G. (2000). A Primer of Italian Fascism. University of Nebraska Press.
Schreiber, Gerhard; Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (1995). Germany and the Second World War: Volume III: The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939–1941 (From Italy's Declaration of Non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War). Oxford University Press.
Seldes, George (1935). Sawdust Caesar: The Untold History of Mussolini and Fascism. New York and London: Harper and Brothers.
Seldes, George (2009) [1943]. Facts and Fascism. New York: In Fact. str. 288. ISBN 978-0-930852-43-6.
Shirer, William (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Mandarin.
Sohn-Rethel, Alfred (1978). Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism. London: CSE Bks. ISBN 978-0-906336-00-7.
Sontag, Susan (6. 2. 1975). "Fascinating Fascism". The New York Review of Books. Arhivirano s originala, 18. 7. 2020.
Spektorowski, Alberto; Ireni-Saban, Liza (2013). Politics of Eugenics: Productionism, Population, and National Welfare. Routledge.
Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012). Western Civilization. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Stackelberg, Roderick (1999). Hitler's Germany. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-00541-5.
Sternhell, Zeev (1976). "Anatomie d'un mouvement fasciste en France : le faisceau de Georges Valois". Revue française de science politique. 26 (1): 5–40. doi:10.3406/rfsp.1976.393652.
Sternhell, Zeev; Sznajder, Mario; Ashéri, Maia (1994) [1989]. The Birth of Fascist Ideology, From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution. Prevod: Maisei, David. Princeton University Press.
Sternhell, Zeev (1998). "Crisis of Fin-de-siècle Thought". u Griffin, Roger (ured.). International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus. London and New York.

Thomson, David (1966). Europe Since Napoleon. Pelican.
Tierney, Helen (1999). Women's studies encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31072-0. OCLC 38504469.
Toniolo, Gianni, ured. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy Since Unification. Oxford: UK: Oxford University Press.
Turner, Henry Ashby (1975). Reappraisals of Fascism. New Viewpoints.

Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J (1988). Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936–1941: A Political Biography of General Ioannis Metaxas. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4869-9.
von Lang, Jochen (1979). The Secretary: Martin Bormann, The Man Who Manipulated Hitler. New York: Random House.

Weber, Eugen (1982) [1964]. Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. ISBN 978-0-89874-444-6. Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.
Webster's II New College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Reference Books. 2005. ISBN 978-0-618-39601-6.
Weiss, John (1967). The Fascist Tradition: Radical Right-Wing Extremism in Modern Europe. New York City: Harper & Row. ASIN B0014D2EN8.
Weiss-Wendt, Anton; Krieken, Robert; Cave, Alfred A. (2008). The Historiography of Genocide. New York City: Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-29778-4. Pristupljeno 12. 4. 2019.
Welge, Jobst (2007). "Fascist Modernism". u Eysteinsson, Astradur; Liska, Vivian (ured.). Modernism, Volumes 1–2. John Benjamins Publishing.
Williams, Roger Lawrence (2015). The Mortal Napoleon The Third. Princeton University Press.
Wistrich, Robert (oktobar 1976). "Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism". Journal of Contemporary History. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publishing. 11 (4): 157–184. doi:10.1177/002200947601100409. JSTOR 260195. S2CID 140420352.
Woodley, Daniel (2010). Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47354-5.
Woolf, Stuart (1981). Fascism in Europe. Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-30240-0. Pristupljeno 9. 5. 2020.
- Woolf, Stuart Joseph (1983). Fascism in Europe (3rd izd.). Taylor & Francis.
Woshinsky, Oliver (2008). Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior. Oxford, England; New York: Routledge.

Zafirovski, Milan (2008). Modern Free Society and Its Nemesis: Liberty Versus Conservatism in the New Millennium. Lexington Books.
Zimmer, Oliver (2003). Nationalism in Europe, 1890–1940. London: Palgrave.

Tercijarni izvori

"Fascism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 8. 1. 2008.
"Italy: The Fascist Era". Encyclopedia Britannica. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 10. 2017. Pristupljeno 5. 8. 2021.
"Volksgemeinschaft". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. Arhivirano s originala, 31. 3. 2019.
"Neofascismo". Treccani (jezik: italijanski). Enciclopedia Italiana. 31. 10. 2014. Arhivirano s originala, 6. 11. 2014. Pristupljeno 31. 10. 2014.

Dalje čitanje

Albright, Madeleine (2018). Fascism: A Warning. New York: HarperCollins.
Alcalde, Ángel. "The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research". Contemporary European History. 29 (2): 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0960777320000089.
Esposito, Fernando (august 2017). "Fascism – Concepts and Theories, version 1". Docupedia Zeitgeschichte. 31.
Illing, Sean (19. 9. 2018). "How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump". Vox.
McGaughey, Ewan (2018). "Fascism-lite in America (or the social ideal of Donald Trump)". British Journal of American Legal Studies. 72 (2): 291–315.
Riley, Dylan (2010). The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain and Romania 1870–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wiskemann, Elizabeth (decembar 1967). "The Origins of Fascism". History Today. Vol. 17 no. 12. str. 812–818.

Vanjski linkovi

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The Doctrine of Fascism autor Benito Mussolini (1932) (in English)
Authorized translation of Mussolini's "The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism" (1933) (PDF). media.wix.com.
Readings on Fascism and National Socialism by Various – Project Gutenberg
"Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt" – Umberto Ecov spisak 14 karakteristika fašizma, originalno publikovan 1995.

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Kategorije

[1] Turner (1975), str. 162: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism."; Larsen, Hagtvet i Myklebust (1984), str. 424: "... organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism."; Paxton (2004), str. 32, 45, 173; Nolte (1965), str. 300

[RoutledgeCompanion-2] Davies i Lynch (2002)

[FOOTNOTEBlamires2006140–141,_670Mann200465-3] Blamires (2006), str. 140–141, 670; Mann (2004), str. 65.

[FOOTNOTEHorne2002-4] Horne (2002).

[FOOTNOTEGrčić2000120GriffinFeldman2004c185Spielvogel2012935Payne1995106-5] Grčić (2000), str. 120; Griffin i Feldman (2004c), str. 185; Spielvogel (2012), str. 935; Payne (1995), str. 106.

[FOOTNOTEBlamires2006-6] Blamires (2006).

[FOOTNOTEKallis2011Paxton1998Lancaster2011-7] Kallis (2011); Paxton (1998); Lancaster (2011).

[FOOTNOTEEnciclopedia_Italiana_''Neofascismo''-8] Enciclopedia Italiana Neofascismo.

[FOOTNOTEBlamires2006b451–453"Nationalism"-9] Blamires (2006b), str. 451–453, "Nationalism".

[FOOTNOTEPaxton200441-10] Paxton (2004), str. 41.

[FOOTNOTEGriffin199126-11] Griffin (1991), str. 26.

[FOOTNOTEZimmer2003-12] Zimmer (2003).

[FOOTNOTEPaxton2004-13] Paxton (2004).

[FOOTNOTEPassmore2002-14] Passmore (2002).

[FOOTNOTEGriffin1991-15] Griffin (1991).

[FOOTNOTELaqueur1997-16] Laqueur (1997).

[FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_''Fascism''-17] Encyclopedia Britannica Fascism.

[FOOTNOTEPayne1995-18] Payne (1995).

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