Plutonium
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| Plutonium plutoniyum· | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Pabaosan | /pluːˈtoʊniəm/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cingakan | putih masawang pérak, daki dados klau selem yén keni udara | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nomor massa | [244] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Plutonium ring tabél périodik | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Wilangan atom (Z) | 94 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Watek | n/a | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Période | période 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Blok | blok-f | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Konpigurasi éléktron | [Rn] 5f6 7s2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Éléktron per kulit | 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cecirén pisik | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pase ring STP | padet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Titik lebur | 912.5 K (639.4 °C, 1182.9 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Titik didih | 3505 K (3228 °C, 5842 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kapadetan (nampek s.r.) | 19.85 (239Pu)[1] g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ri kala éncéh (ring t.l.) | 16.63 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Panes fusi | 2.82 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Panes panguapan | 333.5 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kapasitas panes molar | 35.5 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tekanan uap
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| Cecirén atom | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Paindikan oksidasi | +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (oksida ampotér) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kaéléktronégatipan | skala Pauling: 1.28 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wasa ionisasi |
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| Jeriji atom | émpiris: 159 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jeriji kovalén | 187±1 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Cecirén liyanan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Struktur kristal | monoklin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kagelisan swara | 2260 m/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ékspansi térmal | 46.7 µm/(m⋅K) (ring 25 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Konduktivitas térmal | 6.74 W/(m⋅K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Resistivitas listrik | 1.460 µΩ⋅m (ring 0 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bacakan magnétik | paramagnetic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modulus Young | 96 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modulus Shear | 43 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rasio Poisson | 0.21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nomor CAS | 7440-07-5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lelintihan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pangaranan | saking planét alit Pluto, punika kaparinamain saking klasik déwa jagat sor Pluto | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Panemuan | Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan (1940–1941) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Isotop utama plutonium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Plutonium silih tunggil datu kimia antuk simbol Pu miwah wilangan atom 94. Punika logam aktinida antuk cingakan klau masawang pérak miwah manados pangotor pinaka keni udara, miwah ngawentuk lapisan buuk pinaka kaoksidasi. Daru ketah nyané nganikayang nem alotrop miwah papat paindikan oksidasi. Maréaksi sareng karbon, halogén, nitrogén, silikon, miwah hidrogén. Ri kala keni udara ayun, ngawentuk oksida miwah hidrida sané prasida ngajimbaranh sampel nganti 70% volume, ring galah nyané ngelupas manados bubuk punika piroforik. Punika radioaktip miwah prasida kaakumulasi ring balung, sané ngardi pangamongan plutonium mabaya.
Cutetan
Cutetan batis
Anggitan
- ↑ Kapeték saking baat atom miwah volume atom. Sel satuan, sané madaging 16 atom, ngelah volume 319,96 kubik, mawit Siegfried S. Hecker (2000). "Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. 26: 331.. This gives a density for 239Pu of (1.66053906660×10−24g/dalton×239.0521634 daltons/atom×16 atoms/unit cell)/(319.96 Å3/unit cell × 10−24cc/Å3) utawi 19.85 g/cc.
Pustaka
- Asimov, Isaac (1988). "Nuclear Reactors". Understanding Physics. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing. ISBN 0-88029-251-2.
- Bernstein, Jeremy (2007). Plutonium: a History of the World's most Dangerous Element. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10296-4. OCLC 76481517.
- Clark, Ronald (1961). The Birth of the Bomb: The Untold Story of Britain's Part in the Weapon That Changed the World. London: Phoenix House. OCLC 824335.
- Eagleson, Mary (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5.
- Emsley, John (2001). "Plutonium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.
- Gosling, F. G. (1999). The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb (PDF). Oak Ridge: United States Department of Energy. ISBN 0-7881-7880-6. DOE/MA-0001-01/99. Kaarsipin saking versi asli (PDF) tanggal February 24, 2009. Kaaksés February 15, 2009.
- Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (édisi ka-2nd). Oxford (UK): Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
- Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 94: Plutonium". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. New York (NY): TAB Books. pp. 337–340. ISBN 0-8306-3018-X.
- Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44132-3. OCLC 26764320.
- Hunner, Jon (2004). Inventing Los Alamos. ISBN 978-0-8061-3891-6.
- Hurst, D. G.; Ward, A. G. (1956). Canadian Research Reactors (PDF). Ottawa: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. OCLC 719819357. Kaaksés February 6, 2015.
- Jha, D. K. (2004). Nuclear Energy. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 81-7141-884-8.
- Kaku, Michio; Trainer, Jennifer (1983). Nuclear Power, Both Sides: The Best Arguments for and Against the Most Controversial Technology. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393301281. Kaaksés December 8, 2013.
- Kay, A. E. (1965). plutonium 1965. Taylor & Francis.
- Lide, David R., ed. (2006). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (édisi ka-87th). Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
- Magurno, B. A.; Pearlstein, S., eds. (1981). Proceedings of the conference on nuclear data evaluation methods and procedures. BNL-NCS 51363 (PDF). II. Upton: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Kaaksés August 6, 2014.
- Martin, James E. (2000). Physics for Radiation Protection. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-35373-6.
- McLaughlin, Thomas P.; Monahan, Shean P.; Pruvost, Norman L. (2000). A Review of Criticality Accidents (PDF). Los Alamos: Los Alamos National Laboratory. LA-13638. Kaaksés February 6, 2015.
- Miner, William N.; Schonfeld, Fred W. (1968). "Plutonium". Ring Clifford A. Hampel (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York (NY): Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 540–546. LCCN 68029938.
- Moody, Kenton James; Hutcheon, Ian D.; Grant, Patrick M. (2005). Nuclear forensic analysis. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1513-1.
- Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-65719-4.
- Seaborg, G. T.; Seaborg, E. (2001). Adventures in the Atomic Age: From Watts to Washington. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-29991-9.
- Sklar, Morty (1984). Nuke-Rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons. The Contemporary anthology series. The Spirit That Moves Us Press.
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2007). SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923021-1.
- Till, C. E.; Chang, Y. I. (2011). Plentiful Energy: The Story of the Integral Fast Reactor, the Complex History of a Simple Reactor Technology, with Emphasis on Its Scientific Basis for Non-specialists. Charles E. Till and Yoon Il Chang. ISBN 978-1-4663-8460-6.
- Wahlen, R. K. (1989). History of 100-B Area (PDF). Richland, Washington: Westinghouse Hanford Company. WHC-EP-0273. Kaarsipin saking versi asli (PDF) tanggal March 27, 2009. Kaaksés February 15, 2009.
- Welsome, Eileen (2000). The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-385-31954-1.
Pranala jaba
Mal:Spoken Wikipedia
- "Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues - Plutonium". Washington and Lee University. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal February 3, 2009. Kaaksés February 15, 2009.
- Sutcliffe, W. G.; et al. (1995). "A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium". Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal Séptémber 29, 2006.
- Johnson, C. M.; Davis, Z.S. (1997). "Nuclear Weapons: Disposal Options for Surplus Weapons-Usable Plutonium". CRS Report for Congress # 97-564 ENR. Kaaksés February 15, 2009.
- "Physical, Nuclear, and Chemical, Properties of Plutonium". IEER. 2005. Kaaksés February 15, 2009.
- Bhadeshia, H. "Plutonium crystallography".
- Samuels, D. (2005). "End of the Plutonium Age". Discover Magazine. 26 (11).
- Pike, J.; Sherman, R. (2000). "Plutonium production". Federation of American Scientists. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal February 3, 2009. Kaaksés February 15, 2009.
- "Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication".
- Ong, C. (1999). "World Plutonium Inventories". Nuclear Files.org. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal August 5, 2014. Kaaksés February 15, 2009.
- "Challenges in Plutonium Science". Los Alamos Science. I & II (26). 2000. Kaaksés February 15, 2009.
- "Plutonium". Royal Society of Chemistry. Kaaksés February 6, 2015.
- "Plutonium". The Periodic Table of Videos. University of Nottingham. Kaaksés February 6, 2015.
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