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V形褶皱

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具水平軸面的V形褶皱,地點:Millook Haven, North Cornwall, UK

V形褶皱(英語:Chevron) 是一種褶皱結構,具有上下一致重複的折疊層,具有直的褶皱翼和成銳角的褶皱背脊。 若發育良好,這些褶皺兩翼形成 V 形狀相交。 其相交角度通常為 60 度或更小[1]。 它們是受壓縮應力而造成。 構成V形褶皱的岩層通常是由交替不同强度的岩層組成[1]。例如濁積岩的組成,一般以交替的高强度砂岩和低强度頁岩組成。

褶皱的延續是不受幾何限制。 若有適當的地層,V形褶皱就可由壓縮應力造成 [2]

褶皱過程

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在壓縮應力下,地質岩石層以褶皱以最大程度地減少能量耗散。在不受約束情況下,褶皱以最小彎曲來實現,從而形成正弦幾何形狀。在一套地層序列中,每一層位在幾何和物理上都受到其鄰居層位的限制。爲了必須保持層位的相似性, 以及保持正弦幾何形狀,强度較差的層位受擠壓將會流動。因而在局部造成褶皱翼是直的背脊。 根據能量的耗散,V形褶皱比正弦褶皺耗散能量較小,因為它減少了延性流動,並減少了局部彎曲[3]。 V形褶皱的發展分為四個階段:正弦形成核、同心折疊、伸直褶皱翼/銳角化褶皱背脊和收緊褶皺[2]。 褶皱翼角接近 60 度時,因摩擦力而限制了,强度較差的層位的簡單剪切和流動變形,但有利於整個地層複合體的純剪切[1]。 因此,當角度接近 60 度時,V形褶皱開始穩定[1]

影響褶皱的因素

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V形褶皱的形成。是由于地層由高强度地層和低强度地層的交互地層組成。而且高强度地層的恆定厚度,有助於V形褶皱的穩定性,但低强度地層的厚度對穩定性無影響。高强度地層厚度和長度之間的 1:10 比率似乎是形成V形褶皱所需的啓動值。若比率太小則需要在低强度地層中有過多的流動。不利V形褶皱的形成。若長厚比值高加上低的高强度地層和低强度地層厚度比值低,具不規則厚度的高强度地層,能造成局部的不規則現象[1]。例如在不規則較厚地層中,能形成球狀背脊、背脊塌陷、背脊逆斷層和/或壓縮背脊。另一方面,在異常薄的地層則石香肠构造或其它延伸構造[1]

參考文獻

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Ramsay, J (1974). "Development of chevron folds". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 85. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<1741:docf>2.0.co;2.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Reches, Z E; Johnson (1976). "A theory of concentric, kink and sinusoidal folding and of monoclinal flexuring of compressible, elastic multilayers: VI. Asymmetric folding and monoclinal kinking". Tectonophysics. 35 (4): 295–334. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(76)90074-3.
  3. ^ Williams, J R (1980). "Similar and chevron folds in multilayers using finite-element and geometric models". Tectonophysics. 65. 3: 323–338. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(80)90081-5.
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V形褶皱
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