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偏二甲肼.
偏二甲肼,或称1,1-二甲基联氨、偏二甲基聯胺、偏二甲基肼,分子式(CH3)2NNH2,英文缩写UDMH(Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine),无色易燃液体。
二甲胺与亚硝酸作用后经还原而得。
![{\displaystyle {\rm {(CH_{3})_{2}NH+HNO_{2}{=\!=\!=}(CH_{3})_{2}NNO+H_{2}O))}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3f555d832f33a4f3927e35d6bd33cf6171aba02)
![{\displaystyle {\ce {(CH_{3})_{2}NNO+2Zn+4HCl{=\!=\!=}(CH_{3})_{2}NNH_{2}+2ZnCl_{2}+H_{2}O))}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5bcff6eea63212932e80e1c743ebc9d9147b88ec)
二甲胺和氯胺反应而得。
![{\displaystyle {\rm {(CH_{3})_{2}NH+NH_{2}Cl{=\!=\!=}(CH_{3})_{2}NNH_{2}+HCl))}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1586353f9e491cb6f49cb5480063f7b38437a038)
- 高比冲液体火箭燃料:优点在于有高比冲值,与氧化剂接触即自动着火,利於火箭產品使用。
![{\displaystyle {\rm {(CH_{3})_{2}NNH_{2}+4O_{2}{=\!=\!=}N_{2}+2CO_{2}+4H_{2}O))}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3376b899d4a57cf9a5c8a8740d75fc269b6f198)
- 其中常规氧化剂为四氧化二氮:
![{\displaystyle {\rm {(CH_{3})_{2}NNH_{2}+2N_{2}O_{4}{=\!=\!=}3N_{2}\uparrow +2CO_{2}\uparrow +4H_{2}O\uparrow ))}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/afd0821a6c6a8fee35ef049c3f62cd0323e826ad)
- 做为液体火箭燃料,可在常温下保存和使用。这与需要低温的液氧-煤油的液体火箭燃料方案相比,具有更便捷的军事用途。所以苏联的R-36、SS-19、質子號火箭、中国的东风-5及其衍生的长征二号至长征四号火箭,都使用偏二甲肼-四氧化二氮常温方案。美國的泰坦系列運載火箭、三角洲系列運載火箭等則將偏二甲肼和聯氨一比一混合(稱航空肼50)後,再與四氧化二氮配合使用。
偏二甲肼是一种强还原剂,有毒,可致癌,且能透过皮肤直接进入人体内。故使用时需要作好防护措施
若偏二甲肼被释放到大气中,会成为N-亚硝基二甲胺,一种持久的致癌物与地下水污染物[1]
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| 无机肼 | |
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| 有机肼 | 脂肪肼/芳香肼 | |
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| 酰肼(单取代) |
- 甲酰肼
- 4-PTSC
- 己二酰肼
- Adjudin
- 伞菌氨酸
- Benmoxin
- 卡屈嗪
- Carbazide
- 卡比多巴
- 碳酰肼
- Daminozide
- 双肼屈嗪
- 恩屈嗪
- 鹿花菌素
- HBT
- 肼屈嗪
- 异丙氯肼
- 异丙烟肼
- 异卡波肼
- 异烟肼
- 美巴那肼
- Metfendrazine
- 甲基肼
- Nialamide
- 奥他莫辛
- PEH
- 苯乙肼
- 苯异丙肼
- Phenoxypropazine
- Pildralazine
- Pimagedine
- 匹戊肼
- 甲苄肼
- 沙夫肼
- 氨基脲
- 缩氨脲
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| 酰肼(二取代) | |
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