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QT间期

QT间期
心电图显示用切线法计算的 QT 间期
ICD-10-PCS英语ICD-10 Procedure Coding SystemR94.31
ICD-9-CM89.52
MeSHD004562
MedlinePlus003868

QT间期是描述心电图波形中,Q波开始到T波结束的时间,該電位變化時間近似于从心室开始收缩到结束舒张的时间[1]。QT间期過長或過短可能代表心律异常心源性猝死的风险較高。[1]可能造成QT间期异常的原因包含遗传疾病(如长QT综合症)、[2]药物(如索他洛尔或替洛利生)、血液電解質失衡(如低钾血症)或激素失衡(如甲状腺功能减退症)等。[3]

测量

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QT间期最常在II导联中测量,用于评估系列心电图,I和V5导联是II导联的可比替代品。通常避免使用导联III、aVL和V1来测量QT间期。[4]QT间期的准确测量是主观的,因为T波的末端并不总是明确定义,通常会逐渐与基线融合。[5]心电图复合波中的QT间期可以通过不同的方法手动测量,例如阈值法,其中T波的终点由T波的分量与等电基线合并的点或切线法确定,其中T波的终点由从最大下坡点处的T波外推到等电基线的切线的交点确定。[6]

随着具有同时12通道记录的数字心电图的可用性增加,QT测量也可以通过“叠加中位搏动”方法完成。在叠加中位心搏法中,为12条导联中的每条导联构建中位ECG复合波。12个中位心搏相互叠加,QT间期是从Q波的最早开始到T波的最新偏移量或从Q波开始的最大收敛点到T波偏移量测量的。[7]

心率校正

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QT间期随心率而变化,随着心率的增加,QT间期缩短。这些变化使得比较在不同心率下测量的QT间期变得更加困难。考虑到这一点,从而提高QT测量的可靠性,可以使用各种数学公式对QT间期进行心率(QTc)校正,该过程通常由现代心电图记录仪自动执行。

巴泽特公式

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最常用的QT校正公式是巴泽特公式(Bazett's formula),[8]該公式以得名自英國生理学家亨利·库斯伯特·巴泽特(Henry Cuthbert Bazett),[9]计算心率校正的QT间期(QTcB)。

巴泽特的公式是基于1920年的一项研究的观察结果。巴泽特的公式通常以返回QTc的形式给出,该QTc以量綱可疑的单位(秒的平方根)为单位。巴泽特公式的数学正确形式是:

其中QTcB是针对心率校正的QT间期,RR是从一个QRS波群开始到下一个QRS波群开始的间隔。这个数学上正确的公式以与QT相同的单位返回QTc,通常为毫秒。[10]

在该公式的一些流行形式中,假设QT以毫秒为单位测量,而RR以秒为单位测量,通常从心率(HR)推导出为60/HR。因此,结果将以每平方根毫秒的秒数为单位。[11]但是,使用此公式报告QTc会产生“关于测量原始QT和RR的单位的要求”。[10]

在这两种形式中,巴泽特的非线性QT校正公式通常被认为是不准确的,因为它在高心率时过度校正,而在低心率时校正不足。[11]巴泽特校正公式是最适合新生儿的QT校正公式之一。[12]

弗里德里西亚公式

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弗里德里西亚提出了一种使用RR的立方根的替代校正公式[13]

萨吉公式

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弗雷明汉校正公式(Framingham correction),又稱為萨吉公式(Sagie's formula)。該公式源自於弗雷明汉心脏研究英语Framingham Heart Study,使用了超过5000名受试者的长期队列数据,被认为是一种更好的方法。[14][15]

同样,这里QT和QTlc以毫秒为单位,而RR以秒为单位。

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Postema, Pieter G.; Wilde, Arthur A. M. The measurement of the QT interval. Current Cardiology Reviews. 2014-08, 10 (3) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1875-6557. PMC 4040880可免费查阅. PMID 24827793. doi:10.2174/1573403x10666140514103612. (原始内容存档于2022-08-02). 
  2. ^ Long QT syndrome - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. [2022-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-26) (英语). 
  3. ^ Nachimuthu, Senthil; Assar, Manish D.; Schussler, Jeffrey M. Drug-induced QT interval prolongation: mechanisms and clinical management. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2012-10, 3 (5) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 2042-0986. PMC 4110870可免费查阅. PMID 25083239. doi:10.1177/2042098612454283. (原始内容存档于2022-08-03). 
  4. ^ Panicker, Gopi Krishna; Salvi, Vaibhav; Karnad, Dilip R.; Chakraborty, Saikat; Manohar, Deepak; Lokhandwala, Yash; Kothari, Snehal. Drug-induced QT prolongation when QT interval is measured in each of the 12 ECG leads in men and women in a thorough QT study. Journal of Electrocardiology. 2014-03, 47 (2) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1532-8430. PMID 24388488. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2013.11.004. (原始内容存档于2022-07-02). 
  5. ^ Panicker, Gopi Krishna; Karnad, Dilip R.; Joshi, Rajesh; Shetty, Sheetal; Vyas, Niraj; Kothari, Snehal; Narula, Dhiraj. Z-score for benchmarking reader competence in a central ECG laboratory. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology: The Official Journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc. 2009-01, 14 (1). ISSN 1542-474X. PMC 6932360可免费查阅. PMID 19149789. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2008.00269.x. 
  6. ^ Panicker, Gopi Krishna; Karnad, Dilip R.; Natekar, Mili; Kothari, Snehal; Narula, Dhiraj; Lokhandwala, Yash. Intra- and interreader variability in QT interval measurement by tangent and threshold methods in a central electrocardiogram laboratory. Journal of Electrocardiology. 2009-07, 42 (4) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1532-8430. PMID 19261293. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2009.01.003. (原始内容存档于2022-07-11). 
  7. ^ Salvi, Vaibhav; Karnad, Dilip R.; Panicker, Gopi Krishna; Natekar, Mili; Hingorani, Pooja; Kerkar, Vaibhav; Ramasamy, Arumugam; de Vries, Michiel; Zumbrunnen, Troy; Kothari, Snehal; Narula, Dhiraj. Comparison of 5 methods of QT interval measurements on electrocardiograms from a thorough QT/QTc study: effect on assay sensitivity and categorical outliers. Journal of Electrocardiology. 2011-03, 44 (2) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1532-8430. PMID 21238976. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2010.11.010. (原始内容存档于2022-06-18). 
  8. ^ Bazett, H. C. AN ANALYSIS OF THE TIME-RELATIONS OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS.. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 1997-04, 2 (2) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1082-720X. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.1997.tb00325.x. (原始内容存档于2022-07-10) (英语). 
  9. ^ Roguin, Ariel. Henry Cuthbert Bazett (1885-1950)--the man behind the QT interval correction formula. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology: PACE. 2011-03, 34 (3) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1540-8159. PMID 21091739. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02973.x. (原始内容存档于2022-07-08). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Molnar, J.; Weiss, J. S.; Rosenthal, J. E. The missing second: what is the correct unit for the Bazett corrected QT interval?. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1995-03-01, 75 (7) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 0002-9149. PMID 7864010. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80603-1. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Salvi, Vaibhav; Karnad, Dilip R.; Panicker, Gopi Krishna; Kothari, Snehal. Update on the evaluation of a new drug for effects on cardiac repolarization in humans: issues in early drug development. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2010-01, 159 (1) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1476-5381. PMC 2823350可免费查阅. PMID 19775279. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00427.x. (原始内容存档于2022-07-04). 
  12. ^ Stramba-Badiale, Marco; Karnad, Dilip R.; Goulene, Karine M.; Panicker, Gopi Krishna; Dagradi, Federica; Spazzolini, Carla; Kothari, Snehal; Lokhandwala, Yash Y.; Schwartz, Peter J. For neonatal ECG screening there is no reason to relinquish old Bazett's correction. European Heart Journal. 2018-08-14, 39 (31) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1522-9645. PMID 29860404. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy284. (原始内容存档于2022-06-20). 
  13. ^ Fridericia, L. S. The duration of systole in an electrocardiogram in normal humans and in patients with heart disease. 1920. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology: The Official Journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc. 2003-10, 8 (4) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 1082-720X. PMC 7328879可免费查阅. PMID 14516292. doi:10.1046/j.1542-474x.2003.08413.x. (原始内容存档于2022-07-10). 
  14. ^ Vandenberk, Bert; Vandael, Eline; Robyns, Tomas; Vandenberghe, Joris; Garweg, Christophe; Foulon, Veerle; Ector, Joris; Willems, Rik. Which QT Correction Formulae to Use for QT Monitoring?. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2016-06-17, 5 (6) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 2047-9980. PMC 4937268可免费查阅. PMID 27317349. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003264. (原始内容存档于2022-08-05). 
  15. ^ Sagie, A.; Larson, M. G.; Goldberg, R. J.; Bengtson, J. R.; Levy, D. An improved method for adjusting the QT interval for heart rate (the Framingham Heart Study). The American Journal of Cardiology. 1992-09-15, 70 (7) [2022-06-20]. ISSN 0002-9149. PMID 1519533. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)90562-d. (原始内容存档于2022-07-16). 

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QT间期
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