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微孢子蟲綱

微孢子蟲綱
Fibrillanosema crangonycis英语Fibrillanosema crangonycis的孢子
科学分类 编辑
界: 真菌界 Fungi
门: 羅茲菌門 Rozellomycota
纲: 微孢子蟲綱 Microsporidia
Corliss & Levine, 1963
異名
  • Microsporidiida Labbé, 1899
  • Microsporea Delphy, 1936 [1963], Levine et al., 1980[1][2]
  • Microsporidea Corliss & Levine, 1963[3]
  • Microspora Sprague, 1969, 1977[4]
  • Microsporida Tuzet et al. 1971

微孢子蟲學名Microsporidia)是一類可形成孢子單細胞微生物,其孢子大小為1至10微米,粒線體已退化成不含DNA紡錘剩體英语Mitosome[5],此類生物過去曾被認為是原生生物,後來分子研究顯示其屬於真菌[6],現被歸為羅茲菌門下的一個,屬真菌界的基群[7]。目前有超過200個、約1500種微孢子蟲被描述發表[8][9],絕大部分為感染動物的寄生物,但也有感染纖毛蟲簇蟲英语Gregarinasina馬爾太蟲英语Marteilia等其他真核生物的案例被發現,其中有些物種為重寄生物英语Hyperparasite,其宿主本身也寄生於其他動物中[10]。微孢子蟲皆在宿主細胞內複製生長,在宿主體外僅能以孢子的形式存在,大多專一地感染特定種類或類群的動物,其中許多為感染昆蟲甲殼類魚類鳥類,也有物種可感染哺乳類,有約15種微孢子蟲可在人類引起機會性感染,造成微孢子蟲病[5][9]

微孢子蟲感染造成的症狀則因物種而異,感染昆蟲可能造成寄生去勢英语Parasitic castration、體型巨化、性別改變等多種症狀,少數物種可幾乎完全控制宿主細胞的生理代謝,形成異種共生英语xenoma的現象[11],部分物種因感染可致死而被用於生物防治[5]。此類生物的基因組大小介於230萬至5130萬鹼基對之間,其中内头菌科西班牙语Encephalitozoonidae的物種(多感染人類)基因組多小於300萬鹼基對,為真核生物中基因組最小者[5]

基因組

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微孢子蟲的基因組是真核生物中最小的,其中最小者腸腦炎微孢子蟲英语Encephalitozoon intestinalis的基因組僅長約230萬bp,已於2010年被完整定序[12],僅為大腸桿菌基因組的一半。微孢子蟲失去了編碼許多蛋白質的能力,部分物種僅有約1800種蛋白質,大部分物種已不能合成ATP,缺少兩種核糖體蛋白與大量核糖體RNA的延伸片段(expansion segment),剪接體也縮小許多(部分物種完全失去剪切體,基因中也不含有內含子[13]

感染

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微孢子蟲以極管(polar tube)感染動物細胞,極管纏繞於微孢子蟲的孢子中,受環境因子(酸鹼值、溫度、鹽分等)刺激後會快速充水,在數毫秒內由孢子中射出,將孢子的細胞質注入宿主細胞中以造成感染[13]

分類

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微孢子蟲因結構簡單、缺乏粒線體,且基因序列演化較快造成長枝吸引[14],過去一度被認為是真核生物演化樹基群,後來基於數個不同基因繪製的演化樹則清楚顯示此類生物屬於真菌[13]。微孢子蟲中較早分支的類群(噬核菌属英语NucleophagaMitosporidiumParamicrosporidium等)留有較多其他真核生物的特徵,如部分物種保有了粒線體DNA[13]

物種

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首個被發表描述的微孢子蟲為家蚕微孢子虫英语Nosema bombycisNosema bombycis),可感染家蠶,在19世紀末的法國養蠶業造成重大損失。目前已有約2000種微孢子蟲被發表,感染至少16個的動物與4個門的其他真核生物[13]。其中感染蜜蜂鮭魚的物種造成相當經濟損失。有些微孢子蟲也會對免疫缺乏的人造成機會性感染,導致微孢子蟲病[13]

參考文獻

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  1. ^ Delphy, J. 1936. Sous-règne des Protozoaires. In: Perrier, R. (ed.). La Faune de la France en tableaux synoptiques illustrés, vol 1A. Delagrave: Paris.
  2. ^ Levine, N. D.; et al. A Newly Revised Classification of the Protozoa. The Journal of Protozoology. 1980, 27 (1): 37–58. PMID 6989987. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1980.tb04228.x. 
  3. ^ Corliss JO, Levine ND. Establishment of the Microsporidea as a new class in the protozoan subphylum Cnidospora. The Journal of Protozoology. 1963, 10 (Suppl): 26–27. doi:10.1111/jeu.1963.10.issue-s3. 
  4. ^ Sprague, V. Classification and phylogeny of the Microsporidia. Lee A. Bulla & Thomas C. Cheng (编). Comparative pathobiology vol. 2 Systematics of the Microsporidia. Plenum Press. 1977: 1-30. [2021-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-28). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Han B, Weiss LM. Microsporidia: Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Within the Fungal Kingdom.. Microbiol Spectr. 2017, 5 (2). PMC 5613672可免费查阅. PMID 28944750. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0018-2016. 
  6. ^ Hibbett, D.S.; et al. A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi (PDF). Mycological Research. 2007, 111 (5): 509–47 [2021-04-11]. PMID 17572334. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-10-20). 
  7. ^ Tedersoo, L., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Kõljalg, U., et al. High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Diversity. 2018, 90 (1): 135–159. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0. 
  8. ^ Hawksworth, David. The magnitude of fungal diversity: The 1.5 million spices estimate revisited. Mycological Research. 2001, 105 (12): 1422. doi:10.1017/S0953756201004725. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Microsporidiosis. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. [2021-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-05). 
  10. ^ Bass D, Czech L, Williams BAP, Berney C, Dunthorn M, Mahé F; et al. Clarifying the Relationships between Microsporidia and Cryptomycota.. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2018, 65 (6): 773–782. PMC 6282948可免费查阅. PMID 29603494. doi:10.1111/jeu.12519. 
  11. ^ Ronny Larsson, Lund University (Department of Cell and Organism Biology). Cytology and taxonomy of the microsporidia. 2004 [2021-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2009-09-12). 
  12. ^ Corradi N, Pombert JF, Farinelli L, Didier ES, Keeling PJ. The complete sequence of the smallest known nuclear genome from the microsporidian Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Nature Communications. 2010, 1 (6): 1–7. Bibcode:2010NatCo...1...77C. PMC 4355639可免费查阅. PMID 20865802. doi:10.1038/ncomms1082. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Whelan, Thomas A.; Fast, Naomi M. Microsporidia. Current Biology. 2023-09, 33 (18): R936–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.076. 
  14. ^ Makarova, Kira S; Koonin, Eugene V. Evolutionary and functional genomics of the Archaea. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2005-10, 8 (5): 586–594. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2005.08.003. 
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微孢子蟲綱
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