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2002年委內瑞拉未遂政變

2002年委內瑞拉未遂政變是2002年4月11日发生的一起失败的政變委内瑞拉总统烏戈·查維茲一度被赶下台,但他在47小时后又恢复权力。 [1][2]

2002年初,查韦斯的支持率已降至30%左右, [3]當時查韦斯試圖绕过国民议会進行改革,但遭到許多人士的反對,反對派认为烏戈·查維茲越来越独裁。 [4] 還有多名军官要求烏戈·查維茲辞职。 [5][6] 當時每週都有示威和反示威活動。 [7]

4月7日,烏戈·查維茲解雇了委内瑞拉石油公司总裁以及5名董事。 [8][9] 4月9日,委内瑞拉全国工会联合会( Confederación de Trabajadores de Colombia ,CTV)不滿烏戈·查維茲的解僱行為,於是发起总罢工。 [10]两天后,一百万委内瑞拉人在加拉加斯游行,他們呼籲烏戈·查維茲下台。 [11][12] 當天烏戈·查維茲的支持者和反對者爆發衝突,造成19人死亡。查韦斯於是下令实施阿维拉计划,根據該計劃,如果委內瑞拉发生政变,總統有權动员紧急部队保护总统府。 [13] 軍隊高层拒绝这一计划并要求他辞职。 [14]烏戈·查維茲随后被军方逮捕。 [15][16][17]烏戈·查維茲希望軍隊高層能讓他前往古巴避难,但遭到政變軍方拒絕,政變軍方表示烏戈·查維茲要在委内瑞拉法庭接受审判。 [10]

委内瑞拉商会联合会( Fedecámaras )主席佩德罗·卡莫纳出任临时总统。之後委内瑞拉全国代表大会委內瑞拉最高法院都被解散,委內瑞拉1999年宪法被宣布失效,佩德罗·卡莫纳表示會恢复1999年之前的两院制议会,而且當年12月會举行议会选举,而且他也不会参加未來的总统选举。 [18] 4月13日,佩德罗·卡莫纳试图廢除查韦斯所有的改革,但這遭到相當一部分人的反對,[19]而部分反对派也拒绝支持佩德罗·卡莫纳。 [20] 烏戈·查維茲的支持者還包围了总统府,占领了电视台,要求烏戈·查維茲復職。 [10]当晚,佩德罗·卡莫纳宣佈辞职。支持烏戈·查維茲的总统卫隊很快夺回了观花宫,並且讓烏戈·查維茲復出,繼續担任委內瑞拉总统。

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Venezuela: por qué fracasó el golpe. [2024-04-18]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-18). 
  2. ^ Círculos bolivarianos protestaron. Últimas Noticias. 13 April 2002 [11 April 2008]. (原始内容存档于2 November 2003) (西班牙语). 
  3. ^ Tobar, Hector; McDonnell, Patrick J.; Richter, Paul. Rapid-Fire Coup Caught Chavez Foes Off Guard. Los Angeles Times. 22 April 2002 [7 February 2015]. (原始内容存档于4 December 2013). 
  4. ^ Phil Gunson, Newsweek, 11 November 2001, "Is Hugo Chávez Insane?"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  5. ^ Chicago Tribune, 16 April 2002 Tuesday, "Military played crucial roles in Chavez's ouster, return", BYLINE: By Patrice M. Jones, Tribune Foreign Correspondent, SECTION: NEWS; ZONE: N; p. 3
  6. ^ The Miami Herald, 13 April 2002 Saturday F1 EDITION, "Former President Hugo Chavez was under detention in an army...", BYLINE: JUAN O. TAMAYO jtamayo@herald.com, SECTION: A; Pg. 1
  7. ^ Gott, Richard (2005), Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution, Verso Books, p223
  8. ^ Los Angeles Times 22 April 2002 Monday, "Rapid-Fire Coup Caught Chavez Foes Off Guard", BYLINE: HECTOR TOBAR, PATRICK J. McDONNELL, PAUL RICHTER, TIMES STAFF WRITERS, SECTION: PART A; Part 1; Foreign Desk; p. 1
  9. ^ Márquez, Laureano; Sanabria, Eduardo. Llegó la dictablanda 1st. Gráficas Pedrazas. 2018: 155. ISBN 978-1-7328777-1-9. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Bellos, Alex. Chavez rises from very peculiar coup. The Guardian. 15 April 2002 [8 February 2015]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-24). 
  11. ^ Hawkins, Kirk A. Venezuela's Chavismo and populism in comparative perspective 1st publ. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780521765039. 
  12. ^ Yergin, Daniel. The Quest: energy, security and the remaking of the modern world revised & updated. New York: Penguin Books. 2012. ISBN 978-0143121947. 
  13. ^ Gott, Richard (2005), Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution, Verso Books, p224
  14. ^ Nelson 2009
  15. ^ Esposa de Gebauer espera publicación en Gaceta de Ley de Amnistía. El Universal. 2 January 2008 [31 January 2010]. (原始内容存档于2008-11-09) (西班牙语). Otto Gebauer fue imputado por el delito de insubordinación y privación ilegítima de libertad al coronel Hugo Chávez Frías, 
  16. ^ Veneconomía (PDF). 15 March 2006 [29 January 2010]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-03-02) (西班牙语). 
  17. ^ Rey, J. C. (2002), "Consideraciones políticas sobre un insólito golpe de Estado" 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期3 January 2009., pp. 1–16; cited in Cannon (2004:296); "In 2002, Venezuela's military and some of its business leaders ousted President Chavez from power and held him hostage." (N. Scott Cole (2007), "Hugo Chavez and President Bush's credibility gap: The struggle against US democracy promotion", International Political Science Review, 28(4), p498)
  18. ^ Interim Venezuelan president sworn in.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) BBC News. (13 April 2002). URL. Retrieved 30 May 2007
  19. ^ Insurrección civil y militar termina con el golpe; Chávez, en Miraflores. La Jornada. 14 April 2002 [4 March 2007]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-28) (西班牙语). 
  20. ^ Hernández, Enrique. Capriles: "Nunca apoyé el gobierno de Carmona". Asamblea Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. 7 May 2002 [4 March 2007]. (原始内容存档于2006-03-04) (西班牙语). 
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2002年委內瑞拉未遂政變
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