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龐加萊對偶性

數學上,龐加萊對偶定理是流形同調上同調的結構的基本定理,以昂利·龐加萊命名。這定理說若Mn有向閉流形(即緊緻且無邊界),則M的第k上同調群同構M的第(n − k)階同調群。對所有整數k

龐加萊對偶定理於任何係數環都成立,只需在流形上相對於係數環而取定向。特別是由於流形於模2都有唯一定向,故於模2時龐加萊對偶定理不需假設定向就成立。

歷史

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龐加萊對偶定理的一個形式最初由龐加萊於1893年提出,沒有證明。當時他用貝蒂數來表達:一個n維可定向閉流形的第k個和第(nk)個貝蒂數相等。其時未有上同調的概念,須待四十年後才得以釐清。龐加萊在1895年的論文《Analysis Situs》中嘗試用他創造的拓撲相交理論去證明定理。波爾·赫高對這篇論文的批評,令龐加萊發現他的證明有重大錯誤。龐加萊在論文的附錄首兩篇中,用對偶三角剖份給出新證明。

直至1930年代上同調概念出現,龐加萊對偶定理的現代形式才出現。愛德華·切赫哈斯勒·惠特尼發明了杯積和笠積,用這些新概念表達龐加萊對偶定理。

現代形式

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龐加萊對偶定理的現在形式是以同調和上同調給出:若M是閉有向n-流形,k是整數,則有從第k階上同調群Hk(M)到第(n − k)階同調群Hn − k(M)的典範同構。(此處的同調和上同調取整數環為係數,但這個同構對任何係數環都成立。)更確切而言,這個同構將Hk(M)的元素,映射到這個元素與M的一個基本類的杯積,而有向流形M都存在基本類。

對非緊緻有向流形,需把上同調用緊支上同調代替。

負數階的同調和上同調群定義為零,所以龐加萊對偶性推導出閉有向n-流形大於n階的同調和上同調群是零。

參考

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深入閱讀

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外部連結

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龐加萊對偶性
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