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黑劳士

黑劳士制度(古希腊语:Εἵλωτες / Heílôtes,或者译作希洛特制度希洛制[1])是古希腊斯巴达城邦的一种国有奴隶的制度[1]

历史

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大约形成于公元前8世纪后期[2]斯巴达统一拉哥尼亚[3]。黑劳士是指被斯巴达人就地奴役的拉哥尼亚和美塞尼亚地区原有居民[4][5]克里提亚斯指出他们是“最苦的奴隶”(slaves to the utmost[4]

这些奴隶需要为主人耕种田地[1],交纳地租,负担劳役,没有政治权利,还经常遭到主人的杀害而主人却不用受惩罚[6][7][8],曾经多次发动起义。西南大学教授徐松岩認為,斯巴達對外的連年戰爭使黑勞士的負擔重到難以承受,但許多受剝削的黑勞士找到機會擺脫了斯巴達人的剝削和奴役(如美塞尼亞重新獲得獨立),讓原本習慣於依靠剝削黑勞士(美塞尼亞人)為生的斯巴達人因此難以謀生,是斯巴達衰落的原因之一[1]。在亚历山大大帝征服后,这种制度消亡了。

相关条目

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参考来源

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 徐松岩. 黑劳士制度、土地制度与“平等者公社”的兴衰——近50年来斯巴达历史研究的成就和问题. 西南大学学报(社会科学版) (重庆市: 西南大学). 2003年6月, (3) [2017-06-13]. ISSN 1673-9841. (原始内容存档于2020-08-22). 
  2. ^ 许力以,周谊. 黑劳士制度. 山东省青岛市: 青岛出版社. 2008 [2014-01-08]. ISBN 9787543639157. (原始内容存档于2017-03-01). 大约……前8世纪后期。 
  3. ^ 朱庭光等; 张椿年; 施治生, 廖学盛. 外国历史大事集 古代部分第一分册. 重庆市: 重庆出版社. 1986 [2014-01-08]. (原始内容存档于2014-01-08). 斯巴达人约在公元前8世纪……拉哥尼亚, 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Apud Libanios英语Libanios, Orationes 25, 63 = Frag. 37 DK; see also Plutarch, Li Lycurgus 28, 11.
  5. ^ 许力以,周谊. 黑劳士制度. 山东省青岛市: 青岛出版社. 2008 [2014-01-08]. ISBN 9787543639157. (原始内容存档于2017-03-01). 斯巴达人就地奴役……制度。 
  6. ^ Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus, 28, 3–7.
  7. ^ Herakleides Lembos Fr. Hist. Gr. 2, 210.
  8. ^ Athenaeus, 657 D.
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黑劳士
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