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鸟类鸣声

鸟类鸣声(英语:bird vocalisation)包括鸣叫call,也称叫声)和鸣唱song,也称歌声),是由鸟类鸣管发出的声音,鳥類中除了燕雀目能夠鳴唱以外,其餘的種類皆使用鳴叫[1]。鸣叫相对短促、简单,一般用于通讯、警戒和亲子识别,一般全年不论雌雄均可鸣叫;鸣唱相对复杂,一般用于保卫领地、求偶和配偶识别,多见于繁殖季节,许多鸟类只有雄性能够鸣唱,但部分鸟类雌雄均可鸣唱。[2]

鳴唱

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鳥類鳴唱,相較於鳴叫,時間較長。在雀形目以及鸚鵡中,鳴唱主要透過社會學習而得,其他鳥類則不需學習就能發展出所屬物種的獨特鳴唱。歌曲通常可以定義出音節(syllable)和音符(note),音節由多個音符所組成。音節排序的不同造成歌曲上的變化,增加鳥類所能歌唱的樂曲多樣性[3]

Bourne Woods Birdsong

鳴唱的功能有求偶與維護自身領地,在繁殖季節中,雄性鳥類利用鳴唱吸引異性。

鳴叫

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比鳴唱更為簡單且短促,相較於鳴聲有著固定的組成與歌唱模式,鳴叫多出了許多不確定性,會根據環境的不同而出現變化,提供了更多的多樣性。[4]鳴叫聲可用於溝通、乞食、警告...... 等等,不管是雌性或是雄性皆會發出鳴叫聲。

Common Tailor bird slow call

與人類相似的是,鳥類鳴叫是可以透過學習的而且具有語法[5],從鳴叫的音符序列中提取出的不同音符組合分別代表不同的意義。

人類文化

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古今中外的文章中,人類利用各種狀聲詞來模擬鳥類鳴聲。

中國古詩當中記載了許多鳥類的擬聲詞,例如「關關」出自《詩經•周南•關雎》:「關關雎鳩,在河之州。」、「啾啾」出自《木蘭詩》:「不聞爺孃喚女聲,但聞燕山胡騎聲啾啾。」、和「間關」出自唐詩《幽懷》:「間關鶯語花底滑,幽咽泉流水下灘。」

英語常用的鳥類擬聲詞通常根據鳥類種類不同而有所變化,例如烏鴉「croak」[6]、雞「cackle」[7] 、鴿子「coo」[8]

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ 薛宇志. 依照鳥類鳴叫與鳴唱聲識別其種類. 臺北科技大學電腦與通訊研究所學位論文. 2010-01-01, 2010. doi:10.6841/NTUT.2010.00179. 
  2. ^ 郑光美. 鸟类学 2. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社. 2012. ISBN 978-7-303-13947-7. OCLC 952004876. 
  3. ^ Berwick, Robert C.; Okanoya, Kazuo; Beckers, Gabriel J.L.; Bolhuis, Johan J. Songs to syntax: the linguistics of birdsong. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2011-03, 15 (3). ISSN 1364-6613. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.002. 
  4. ^ Marler, Peter. Bird Calls: Their Potential for Behavioral Neurobiology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2004-06, 1016 (1). ISSN 0077-8923. doi:10.1196/annals.1298.034 (英语). 
  5. ^ Suzuki, Toshitaka N.; Wheatcroft, David; Griesser, Michael. Experimental evidence for compositional syntax in bird calls. Nature Communications. 2016-03-08, 7 (1). ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4786783可免费查阅. PMID 26954097. doi:10.1038/ncomms10986 (英语). 
  6. ^ Croak. Cambridge dictionary. 
  7. ^ Cackle. Cambridge Dictionary. 
  8. ^ Coo. Cambridge Dictionary. 

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鸟类鸣声
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