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鶡冠子.
鶡冠子是道家類著作,兼及法家與兵家,傳為戰國時期楚國隱士鶡冠子所作,有三卷十九篇。[1]
《鶡冠子》一書作者不詳,《史记》並没有提到《鹖冠子》,《汉书·艺文志》稱作者是楚人,“居深山﹐以鹖为冠”。应劭《風俗通義》佚文也说:“鹖冠氏,楚贤人,以鹖为冠,因氏焉。鹖冠子著书。”《鶡冠子》一書大多闡述道家思想,也有天學、宇宙論等方面的內容。《漢書‧藝文志》著錄一篇,列之於道家。今存《鹖冠子》十九篇本,為唐代陆佃所解。清人王人俊輯《鶡冠子佚文》一卷。
唐代柳宗元作《辩鹖冠子》一文,认为《鹖冠子》之《世兵篇》多同贾谊《鵩赋》,又此书“尽鄙浅言也,吾意好事者伪为其书。”後世多認同此為偽書。[2]是以长期以来《鹖冠子》备受冷遇。也有学者肯定《鹖冠子》,《四库提要》认为柳宗元不能仅“以单文孤证,遽断其伪”。吕思勉指出:“此书义精文古,决非后世所能伪为,全书多道、法二家论,与《管子》最相似。”[3]1973年,马王堆汉墓出土大量帛書,有学者研究发现,《鹖冠子》與帛书相合,證明此書並非偽書。[4]《鹖冠子·王鈇篇》中有称县邑之长为啬夫,裘錫圭認為漢代縣令已不再稱嗇夫,證明《鶡冠子》不會是漢以後的作品。[5]
- ^ 《隋書‧經籍志‧子‧道家類》及《舊唐書‧經籍志‧子錄‧道家類》、《新唐書》及《宋史‧藝文志》皆著錄三卷。唯《漢書‧藝文志》著錄一篇。
- ^ 晁公武也认为《鹖冠子》“意皆鄙浅,宗元之评盖不诬”(《郡斋读书志》);王應麟、胡應麟以及姚際恆等均贊同柳宗元的觀點。黄云眉的《古今伪书考补证》亦将《鹖冠子》判為伪书。
- ^ 吕思勉:《先秦学术概论》
- ^ 唐兰:《马王堆出土〈老子〉乙本卷前古佚书的研究》,《考古学报》,1975年第1期。
- ^ 裘锡圭:《啬夫初探》,见《云梦秦简研究》,北京,中华书局,1981。
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