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魏尚(?—前157年),西汉槐里(今兴平县)人。
魏尚是西漢槐里人,其生年已經不可考究。漢文帝登基後,魏尚便被封為雲中郡(今内蒙古托克托东北)太守,雲中郡在魏尚的帶領下成為了當時邊境的一個奇地。之所以這樣說,是因為當時邊境幾乎都被匈奴所侵,而唯獨雲中郡卻幾乎沒有受到騷擾。這主要歸根於魏尚愛護士卒,治軍有方,效仿名將李牧的治軍方法,把軍市租稅收入,都用來犒勞士卒。還拿出自己的薪俸,五天殺一次牛,用來犒勞他的賓客、軍吏、舍人等。在古代,牛肉可是貴重東西,尋常百姓家一年也難吃上一頓,更有一些朝代將吃牛定為判刑。士卒都願意為他效力。這樣,雲中守軍士氣如虹,軍威大震,戰鬥力大增。每有匈奴人前來侵擾,魏尚就親自率領騎兵出擊,每次都能大獲全勝,斬殺敵人甚多。匈奴從來都是遠遠地躲避著魏尚的軍隊,不敢靠近雲中郡的要塞[註 1]。
但在一次上報戰績時,因上報朝廷的殺敵數字與實際不符,差了六顆首級,魏尚被削職查辦,奪了封爵,判了一年徒刑。雲中郡百姓以及將士都為他喊冤不平。魏尚這種廉臣幹將的被貶,一定程度上說明了漢文帝朝的用人的不當和法治過苛。幸虧,后经冯唐代为辩白,认为对魏尚的处理不当,当面向皇上直谏[註 2],汉文帝派冯唐持符节去云中赦免魏尚的罪过,恢复了他云中太守的官职。魏尚復任後,努力整頓雲中郡的軍事。匈奴人忌憚不已。苏轼的《江城子.密州出猎》中的“何日遣冯唐”,即是借用此典故,以魏尚自许,希望得到朝廷的信任。
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