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鬼神.
在中國傳統中,鬼神泛指超自然的存在,他們能夠影響人世。這個思想起源於多神論。
中國上古時期,鬼,指已經過世的人,是在世者的祖先[1];而神,可分為天神與地祇,是控制天地山川社稷的神靈[2]。人類無法直接看到鬼神,需要透過巫覡作為中介,以卜筮來了解他們的意旨。對鬼神進行祭祀,可以獲得他們的保祐,使人得到安康[3]。
唐代·戴孚《广异记》〈华岳神女〉婚家以其一往,辄数日不还,使人候之,见某恒入废宅,恐为鬼神所魅,他日,饮之致醉,乃命术士书符,施衣服中及其形体,皆遍。
- ^ 《禮記》:「眾生必死,死必歸土,此謂之鬼。」
王充《論衡》:「人死精神升天,骸骨歸土,故謂之鬼。」
- ^ 洪亮吉《意言》:「上古之所謂神者,山川社稷之各有司存是也;上古之謂鬼者,高曾祖考是也。」
- ^ 錢大昕《十駕齋養新錄》:「鬼神,謂天神、地祇、人鬼也。有神而後有郊社,有鬼而後有宗廟。天統乎地,故言神,可以該祇。人死為鬼,聖人不忍忘其親,事死如事生,故有祭祀之禮。徑言鬼神,皆主祭祀而言,卜筮所以通神明,故易傳多言鬼神。精氣為物,生而為人也,遊魂為變,死而為鬼也。聖人知鬼神之情狀,而祭祀之禮興焉。」
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