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郁金香革命

郁金香, 此次革命的标志

郁金香革命(亦作“黄色革命”,“柠檬革命”,或稱第一次吉爾吉斯革命),指2005年2月27日和3月13日的议会选举之后,中亚地区的吉尔吉斯共和国总统阿斯卡·阿卡耶夫及其政府的倒台。 这次革命的目的在于结束阿卡耶夫及其家族和伙伴的统治,人们普遍认为他们已经日渐腐败和独裁。阿卡耶夫在革命爆发之后逃往国外。4月4日,在议会代表团出席的情况下,阿卡耶夫在驻莫斯科大使馆中签署了辞职声明,4月11日,吉尔吉斯议会批准了他的辞职。

在此次革命的初期,媒体使用了各种称谓来指称这次事件,诸如“粉红革命”,“柠檬革命”,“丝绸革命”,“水仙革命”,“砂纸革命”以及“郁金香革命”。但随着时间的推移,大多数媒体开始称其为“郁金香革命”。这个词类似于格鲁吉亚的“玫瑰革命”和2004年乌克兰的“橙色革命”这两次总体上非暴力的政权更迭,并且可能与“天鹅绒革命”也有关系。但“郁金香革命”在最初的几天内,曾出现过一些暴力事件,吉尔吉斯政府垮台后24小时内在首都比斯凱克出現大範圍的劫掠,至少有三人丧命于此。

选举之后的衝突

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在选举结果宣布之前,西部和南部的许多地区就出现了抗议,并且随着时间的延续而愈演愈烈。3月18日,在南部城市贾拉拉巴德,数以千计的抗议者占领了州长办公室。而在奥什的另一座办公大楼,示威者们抓住了地区的州长和首席检察官,指控这两人勾结阿卡耶夫的政府操纵选举。

在2005年3月20日的凌晨,警方试图用暴力夺回大楼。据报道,在官方临时扣押数百人的过程中有几位示威者和一名警察受伤。接下来的数小时内,在贾拉拉巴德的示威者们迅速重新夺回了大楼。邻近的警察局很快变成了对峙的焦点。示威者向警察局投掷大量石块。这导致部分警员撤退至房顶并向天鸣枪示警。人群强行冲开了警察局的大门。有目击者证实有人向窗户内投掷了“莫洛托夫鸡尾酒”(Molotov cocktails,一种土制燃烧弹)。

接下来的一天,3月21日,在奥什,大约1,000名示威者占领了当地的政府办公楼、一个警察局、一个电视台和机场。警察大多安全撤退。但其中两人被抓获并被杀,而后被拖马拖着在城市广场中示众。

3月22日,在南部城市Pulgon,示威者又夺取了一座政府办公楼。一天之后,在首都比什凯克出现暴动。数百人在城市的中心广场聚集,但警方在暴动开始前就驱散了人群。警察用警棍殴打部分示威者并逮捕了数名组织者。据称被逮捕的人包括对立阵营报纸的成员、学生、非政府组织领袖、作家和青年运动KelKel的成员。示威者亦夺取了在南部的Kadamjai和北部城市塔拉斯,Kochkor。

参见

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延伸阅读

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  • Anjaparidze Z. (March 2005) "Georgian advisors stepping forward in Bishkek. Eurasia Daily Monitor.
  • Cohen A. (March 2005) Kyrgyzstan's Tulip Revolution.The Washington Times.
  • Cummings S. and Ryabkov M. (2008) Situating the Tulip Revolution. Central Asian Survey 27(3-4) 241-252.
  • Cummings S. (2009) Domestic and international perspectives on Kyrgyzstan's Tulip Revolution. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, New York.
  • Finn P. (2005) Elections in Kyrgyzstan inconclusive: most legislative races forced into runoffs: monitors fault Atmosphere. The Washington Post.
  • Freedman E. (2009) When a Democratic Revolution isn't Democratic or Revolutionary? Journalism 10(6): 843-861.
  • Hale H. E. (2011) Formal constitutions in informal politics: institutions and democratization in Post-Soviet Eurasia. World Politics 63(4): 581-617.
  • Hiro D. (2009) Kyrgyzstan's Tulip Revolution页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆The Guardian
  • Hiro D. (April 2010) Kyrgyzstan's second Tulip Revolution. The Guardian.
  • Kalandadze K. and Orenstein M. (2009) Electoral protests and democratization beyond the colored revolutions. Comparative Political Studies 42(11): 1403-1425.
  • Mitchell L. A. (2012) The Color Revolutions. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
  • Radnitz S. (2006) What really happened in Kyrgyzstan? Journal of Democracy 17(2): 132-146.
  • Smith C. S. (March 2005) U.S. helped to prepare the way for Kyrgyzstan's Uprising. The New York Times.
  • Stepanov G. (2005) Two leaders of Tulip Revolution can't share power in Kyrgyzstan. Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press (57)13: 345-391.
  • Tudoroiu T. (2007) Rose, Orange, and Tulip: the failed post-Soviet revolutions. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40(3): 315-342.
  • Walsh N. P. (March 2005) Kyrgyz leader condemns protestors. The Guardian.
  • Yusin M. (2005) Tulip Revolution begins in Kyrgyzstan. Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 57(12): 1-48.

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郁金香革命
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