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高膽固醇血症

高膽固醇血症
Hypercholesterolemia
膽固醇的結構
类型高脂血症
分类和外部资源
醫學專科心臟病學
ICD-115C80.00
ICD-10E78.0
DiseasesDB6226
MedlinePlus000403
eMedicine121424
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

高膽固醇血症(英語:Hypercholesterolemia)是指血液中的膽固醇偏高的情形[1]。高膽固醇血症屬於高脂血症及高脂蛋白血症(hyperlipoproteinemia,血液中脂蛋白過高的病症)[1]

血液中非高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(non-HDL cholesterol)及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL cholesterol)的偏高可能是飲食肥胖症、遺傳性疾病(例如家族性高胆固醇血症中,低密度脂蛋白受體的突變)、或是像糖尿病或是甲狀腺機能低下症等疾病的影響[1]

膽固醇是三種主要脂類之一,所有動物細胞都需要膽固醇來建構其細胞膜,因此所有細胞都會製造膽固醇,植物細胞不會製造膽固醇。膽固醇也是甾体激素胆汁酸的前体。因為膽固醇不溶於水,在血漿中是以蛋白質粒子脂蛋白的形式存在。脂蛋白會依其密度分類:極低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、中密度脂蛋白英语intermediate density lipoprotein(IDL)及高密度脂蛋白(HDL)[2]。所有的脂蛋白都會攜帶膽固醇,但高密度脂蛋白以外的其他脂蛋白(特別是低密度脂蛋白)上昇,和动脉粥样硬化冠狀動脈疾病風險的上昇有關[3]。相反的,較高的高密度脂蛋白比例對身體有幫助[4]

為了減少成人血液中的膽固醇及低密度脂蛋白,建議在飲食中避免反式脂肪,並且用多元不飽和脂肪代替飽和脂肪[5][6]。若血液中膽固醇含量很高的人(例如家族性高胆固醇血症),無法只靠飲食來達到減低低密度脂蛋白的效果,會需要降血脂的藥物[7]。若有必要,也會進行低密度脂蛋白膽固醇去除術英语apheresis或是手術(特別是對嚴重的家族性高胆固醇血症患者 )[7]。美國約有三千四百萬名成人有高膽固醇血症[8]

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Durrington, P. Dyslipidaemia. The Lancet. 2003-08, 362 (9385): 717–31. PMID 12957096. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14234-1. 
  2. ^ Biggerstaff KD, Wooten JS. Understanding lipoproteins as transporters of cholesterol and other lipids. Adv Physiol Educ. December 2004, 28 (1–4): 105–6. PMID 15319192. doi:10.1152/advan.00048.2003. 
  3. ^ Carmena R, Duriez P, Fruchart JC. Atherogenic lipoprotein particles in atherosclerosis. Circulation. June 2004, 109 (23 Suppl 1): III2–7. PMID 15198959. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000131511.50734.44. 
  4. ^ Kontush A, Chapman MJ. Antiatherogenic small, dense HDL--guardian angel of the arterial wall?. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006-03, 3 (3): 144–53. PMID 16505860. doi:10.1038/ncpcardio0500. 
  5. ^ Healthy diet - Fact sheet N°394. World Health Organization. 2015-09 [2016-07-06]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-27). 
  6. ^ de Souza, RJ; Mente, A; Maroleanu, A; Cozma, AI; Ha, V; Kishibe, T; Uleryk, E; Budylowski, P; Schünemann, H; Beyene, J; Anand, SS. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 11 August 2015, 351: h3978. PMC 4532752可免费查阅. PMID 26268692. doi:10.1136/bmj.h3978. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Ito MK, McGowan MP, Moriarty PM. Management of familial hypercholesterolemias in adult patients: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. June 2011, 5 (3 Suppl): S38–45. PMID 21600528. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.04.001. 
  8. ^ Hypercholesterolemia. Genetics Home Reference. [2016-05-16]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-08). 

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高膽固醇血症
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