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骊姬之乱

新刊古列女傳

骊姬之乱春秋战国晋国献公时的一場政治鬥爭。(前657年—前651年),晋献公的妃子驪姬害死了太子申生,迫走重耳夷吾,以立其子奚齐為儲君。

经过

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晋献公娶了六個妻子,生了五个儿子。其中,齐姜生了太子申生戎国大戎狐姬生了重耳,她妹妹小戎子生了夷吾。骊戎族人许配了骊姬给晋献公,驪姬生下一子,取名奚齐,她陪嫁的妹妹生了卓子

当初,晋献公想立骊姬为夫人,他占卜了两次,先「卜」後「筮」,第一次「卜」结果不吉利,第二次「筮」結果吉利。雖然占卜之人認為「卜」比「筮」準確,献公依然决定按照第二次的结果办事。[1]

骊姬受到晋献公的宠爱,她希望立奚齐为太子,让他继承君位。她贿赂晋献公宠信的大夫梁五东关嬖五,使他们说服献公让太子申生、重耳和夷吾离开京城。那两个大夫对献公说戎族人和狄族人经常侵犯晋国,需要派长子捍卫领土,使戎狄再也不敢侵犯国家。献公让太子住在曲沃(今山西闻喜县东),重耳住在城(今山西隰县西北),夷吾住在二屈(今山西吉县)。蒲與二屈在邊境,近狄人之地,两个大夫借用保卫国家安全的名义,請獻公派重耳及夷吾至邊境,以強其疆,從而来阻止献公的长子当国君。[2]

前656年,骊姬施展阴谋,陷害太子申生,让申生到曲沃去祭祀亡母,而且把用来拜神的肉和酒拿回来献给他父亲献公。骊姬在酒肉偷偷地下了毒,又進言希望試驗一下食品安全,晋献公把肉给狗吃,被毒死了,又給小臣吃,小臣也被毒死了,所以献公发现酒肉有毒,以为是申生想谋杀他。申生逃回曲沃,晋献公杀了申生的师傅杜原款

有人建议申生为自己申辩,向献公揭露骊姬的阴谋,申生回答:“我父君如果没有骊姬,寝食不安,如果为自己辩护,骊姬会受到惩罚,父君年纪那么大,我又不能使他快樂。”那个人就劝告申生快点逃走,申生不肯。於是,十二月十七日,申生自縊於曲沃,人稱恭太子

骊姬野心勃勃,也陷害太子申生的弟弟重耳和夷吾,献公攻打蒲城讨伐重耳,重耳带着贤士赵衰狐偃(咎犯)、贾佗先轸等往狄族人的地方逃走。

前655年,晋献公派贾华等人往二屈讨伐夷吾,夷吾往梁国逃走。

前651年九月,晋献公逝世,立十五岁的奚齐为国君,拜荀息相国,希望其鼎力相助。十月,晋国大夫里克杀了刚刚即位的奚齐,当时晋献公还没有安葬。荀息立奚齐的弟弟卓子为君。十一月,里克又杀了卓子和驪姬,荀息悬梁自尽。[3]

里克迎接了重耳回国即位,重耳害怕危險,以「負父之命,出奔,父死,不得修人子之禮侍喪,重耳何敢入!」谢绝,所以里克立了重耳弟弟夷吾。

注釋

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  1. ^ 《左传》鲁僖公四年
  2. ^ 《左传》鲁庄公二十八年
  3. ^ 《左传》鲁僖公九年
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骊姬之乱
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