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马里尼亚诺战役.
马里尼亚诺战役(Bataille de Marignan)是法蘭索瓦一世的军队,于1515年同北部的梅萊尼亞諾发生的一次作战,結果法國-威尼斯聯軍大勝米蘭與瑞士。
作战中,法军以野战炮彻底摧毁了瑞士长矛兵。瑞士军队采用陈旧的长矛兵方阵战法:方阵的前6列长矛兵前倾,使矛尖在第一列阵前突出5-6米,以便后五列能相应地保持较小的间隔;第七列后长矛被置于前面军人的肩上。这种阵法虽然曾在古代发挥过作用,但是在火器问世后,其使用的不便则暴露无遗。法军的野战炮兵便利用其弱点,先用野战炮猛轰其一侧,而后又迅速移至另一侧猛轰,瑞士长矛兵方阵即刻瓦解。
法國與威尼斯聯軍獲勝之後,瑞士宣布永远中立,法軍囚禁米蘭公爵馬克西米利安·斯福爾扎並占領米蘭。馬克西米利安·斯福爾扎為了獲得自由,在1516年以三萬達克特金幣的代價,把義大利北部的米蘭公國賣給了法王法蘭索瓦一世。法蘭索瓦一世因為此戰的身先士卒、勇猛無畏,獲得「騎士王」的美稱。當時他直接讓法國將軍──「完美騎士貝亞爾」將國王打扮成騎士,並讓貝亞爾站著對跪下的國王授予騎士稱號。
法国聖但尼聖殿保存的法蘭索瓦一世的石棺上,雕刻了马里尼亚诺之战的场景。
参考文献
- ^ Sforza was present at the battle, and, being the nominal employer of the Swiss, may be considered their leader. It is extremely doubtful, however, that he exercised any actual command.
- ^ Spencer Tucker. ABC-CLIO , 编. A global chronology of conflict : from the ancient world to the modern Middle East. : 484. ISBN 1-85109-672-8 (英语).
- ^ Nolan Cathal J. Greenwood Press , 编. The age of wars of religion, 1000-1650. 2006: 575. ISBN 978-0-313-33045-2 (英语).
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