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馬祭

笈多王朝沙摩陀罗·笈多时期金币背面,绘有马祭的图像(约公元335-376年)
举行马祭的坚战,《阇弥尼婆罗多》的插图

馬祭梵語अश्वमेध羅馬化:aśvamedha),汉译佛典中也译作馬祀[1],是印度吠陀時代的一種重要儀式。傳統上,馬祭是國王向生主因陀羅求子的祭祀儀式,後來演變成國王為了獲得上天對其王位的肯定的儀式。國王祭過天後,將祭馬向東放行,國王則帶隨軍隊,征服祭馬所到的地方,如果國王在放行的一年間,能征服祭馬所到的大部分地方,即表示國王受到了天神的祝福。如若能成功举行马祭,君主就能拥有转轮王的头衔。[2]俱盧大戰中獲勝的而得到王位的堅戰曾經都舉行過馬祭,並成功征服了祭馬所到之處,故此能夠順利地繼任王位。

马祭仪式不仅是显示王权的仪式,也是保证全国丰收繁荣的仪式。[2]马祭曾为佛教所反对[1][3],所以在佛教兴起之后的一段时间开始衰落,但巽伽王朝开国君主华友王英语Pushyamitra Shunga(公元前187年至151年在位)致力于复兴婆罗门教,打压佛教,马祭也为华友王所复兴。[2]他通过举行马祭来宣示其从孔雀王朝得位的合法性。[4]笈多王朝的钱币上也能看到马祭的图案,可能与笈多朝君主举行马祭有关。马祭可能直至11世纪末才消失,最后一位有举行马祭记录的君主是朱罗王朝罗阇帝罗阇一世英语Rajadhiraja I[5][2]但有记录称18世纪斋浦尔的君主萨瓦伊·贾伊·辛格英语Sawai Jai Singh也举行过马祭。[6][7]

参考资料

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 鸠摩罗什译《百论》:“福應捨,二相故(修妬路)。是福有二相:能與樂、能與苦。如雜毒飯,食時美、欲消時苦。福亦如是。復次有福報是樂因,多受則苦因。譬如近火,止寒則樂,轉近燒身則苦。是故福二相,二相故無常,是以應捨。又汝言馬祀福報常者,但有言說,無因緣故(修妬路)。馬祀福報實無常。何以故?馬祀業因緣有量故。世間因若有量,果亦有量。如泥團小,瓶亦小。是故馬祀,業有量故無常。復次聞汝天有瞋恚,共鬪相惱,故不應常。又汝馬祀等業,從因緣生故皆無常。復次有漏淨福無常故尚應捨,何況雜罪福(修妬路)。如馬祀業中有殺等罪故。復次如僧佉經言,祀法不淨、無常、勝負相故,是以應捨。”
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 大英百科全书》中的条目:馬祭(英文)
  3. ^ 又如《杂阿含经》卷四:“如是邪盛大會,我所稱歎,以不造大難故。爾時,世尊即說偈言:‘馬祀等大會,造諸大難事,如是等邪盛,大仙不稱歎。繫縛諸眾生,殺害微細蟲,是非為正會,大仙不隨順……’”
  4. ^ Dineshchandra Sircar. Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India. Motilal Banarsidass. 1971: 175. ISBN 978-81-208-2790-5. 
  5. ^ Rama Shankar Tripathi. History of Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. 1942: 466. ISBN 978-81-208-0018-2. 
  6. ^ P. K. Gode. Some contemporary Evidence regarding the aśvamedha Sacrifice performed by Sevai Jayasing of Amber (1699-1744 A. D.). Studies in Indian Literary History 2. Singhi Jain Shastra Sikshapith. 1953: 288–291. OCLC 2499291. 
  7. ^ Catherine B Asher. Rethinking a Millennium: Perspectives on Indian History from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century : Essays for Harbans Mukhia. Rajat Datta (编). Excavating Communalism: Kachhwaha Rajadharma and Mughal Sovereignty. Aakar Books. 2008: 232. ISBN 978-81-89833-36-7. 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
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馬祭
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