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食肉真菌

屬於圓盤菌科的Arthrobotrys屬真菌，在顯微鏡下顯現出其用來捕獲線蟲的黏接結構。圖中的數字間距為122 µm。

食肉真菌（英語：Carnivorous fungi），亦作肉食性真菌或捕食性真菌（predaceous fungi），是真菌的一種，透過捕捉和消化微細的或細小的動物而轉化成其部分或全部養份[1]。現時已被描述的物種約200餘種，皆屬於子囊菌門（Ascomycota）的毛黴菌門（Mucoromycotina）及担子菌门（Basidiomycota）。 他們通常在土壤中生活，而且多個品種均以透過捕食或攻擊微生物，例如：線蟲捕食菌（nematophagous fungus）會捕食線蟲，而其他物種可能會捕食變形蟲或彈尾目（Collembola）物種。

在表皮、毛髮、皮膚、指甲、鱗片或羽毛上生長的真菌，無論其宿主是生是死，皆屬於皮膚癬菌，而非食肉真菌。 同樣地，在動物的開口及消化管道生存的真菌亦不屬於食肉真菌，也不屬於內部病原體。而透過攻擊和定殖昆蟲的昆蟲病原體也不一定被歸類為食肉真菌，只有那些諸如冬蟲夏草之類的真菌，其菌體在昆蟲的體內生長，又或如蟲囊菌目（Laboulbeniales）物種那樣寄生於昆蟲體內的物種才算。

這些以線蟲為獵物的食肉真菌，表現出兩種不同的捕食機制：

  • 收縮環結構（主動陷阱）
  • 黏接結構（被動陷阱）

透過核糖体DNA的排序，顯示這些捕食的機制在真菌的不同譜系內各自演化出來[2]，是一個趨同演化的例子。

參考文獻

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  1. ^ Pramer, D. Nematode-trapping fungi [捕食線蟲的真菌]. Science. 1964, (144): 382–388 （英语）. 
  2. ^ Ahrén, D.; Bjõrn, M.U.; Tunlind, A. Phylogeny of nematode-trapping fungi based on 18S rDNA sequences [系統發育捕食線蟲真菌基於18S rDNA序列]. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 1998, (158): 179–184 （英语）. 

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外部連結

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进食行为
肉食性動物
成体
生育期间
同类相食
植食性动物
單細胞生物
其他
进食方式与
食物链层次
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食肉真菌
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